diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index 793cba8..2fe4120 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -23,3 +23,6 @@ ui_*.h
 *.so
 *.a
 .DS_Store
+
+# test helpers
+tests/portal/pointer
diff --git a/CMakeLists.txt b/CMakeLists.txt
index 7d27cf8..7373caf 100644
--- a/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ set(CMAKE_INCLUDE_CURRENT_DIR ON)
 find_package(Qt6 REQUIRED COMPONENTS Core Gui Widgets Network DBus Svg)
 find_package(PkgConfig REQUIRED)
 pkg_check_modules(DTK2WIDGET REQUIRED dtk2widget)
+pkg_check_modules(ICU REQUIRED icu-i18n icu-uc)
 find_package(LayerShellQt QUIET)
 
 set(GXDE_AI_SEE_SOURCES
@@ -23,6 +24,13 @@ set(GXDE_AI_SEE_SOURCES
     src/config.cpp
     src/staging/stagingmodel.cpp
     src/portal/portalclient.cpp
+    src/factory/linktools.cpp
+    src/factory/contentclassifier.cpp
+    src/factory/factoryactions.cpp
+    src/factory/contentfactory.cpp
+    src/actions/downloader.cpp
+    src/actions/texttools.cpp
+    src/todo/todomodel.cpp
     src/ui/portalpanel.cpp
 )
 
@@ -31,6 +39,7 @@ add_executable(gxde-ai-see ${GXDE_AI_SEE_SOURCES})
 target_include_directories(gxde-ai-see PRIVATE
     ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/src
     ${DTK2WIDGET_INCLUDE_DIRS}
+    ${ICU_INCLUDE_DIRS}
 )
 
 target_link_libraries(gxde-ai-see PRIVATE
@@ -41,6 +50,7 @@ target_link_libraries(gxde-ai-see PRIVATE
     Qt6::DBus
     Qt6::Svg
     ${DTK2WIDGET_LIBRARIES}
+    ${ICU_LIBRARIES}
 )
 
 target_link_directories(gxde-ai-see PRIVATE ${DTK2WIDGET_LIBRARY_DIRS})
@@ -50,6 +60,16 @@ if (LayerShellQt_FOUND)
     target_compile_definitions(gxde-ai-see PRIVATE GXDE_HAVE_LAYERSHELLQT=1)
 endif ()
 
+add_executable(gxde-ai-see-selftest
+    tests/selftest.cpp
+    src/factory/linktools.cpp
+    src/factory/contentclassifier.cpp
+    src/factory/factoryactions.cpp
+    src/actions/texttools.cpp
+)
+target_include_directories(gxde-ai-see-selftest PRIVATE src ${ICU_INCLUDE_DIRS})
+target_link_libraries(gxde-ai-see-selftest PRIVATE Qt6::Core Qt6::Gui ${ICU_LIBRARIES})
+
 install(TARGETS gxde-ai-see RUNTIME DESTINATION bin)
 install(FILES data/gxde-ai-see.desktop DESTINATION share/applications)
 install(DIRECTORY data/icons/ DESTINATION share/icons/hicolor)
diff --git a/src/actions/downloader.cpp b/src/actions/downloader.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1fd936a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/actions/downloader.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 GXDE OS Team
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-3.0-or-later
+
+#include "downloader.h"
+
+#include <QDir>
+#include <QFile>
+#include <QFileDialog>
+#include <QFileInfo>
+#include <QNetworkReply>
+#include <QNetworkRequest>
+#include <QStandardPaths>
+
+#include "factory/linktools.h"
+
+Downloader *Downloader::instance()
+{
+    static Downloader *self = new Downloader;
+    return self;
+}
+
+Downloader::Downloader(QObject *parent)
+    : QObject(parent)
+{
+    m_manager.setRedirectPolicy(QNetworkRequest::NoLessSafeRedirectPolicy);
+}
+
+QString Downloader::suggestedFileName(const QUrl &url)
+{
+    QString name = LinkTools::displayNameFor(url);
+    name = QFileInfo(name).fileName();
+    if (name.isEmpty()) {
+        name = QStringLiteral("download");
+    }
+    return name;
+}
+
+QString Downloader::uniquePath(const QString &directory, const QString &fileName)
+{
+    QDir dir(directory);
+    QString path = dir.filePath(fileName);
+    if (!QFileInfo::exists(path)) {
+        return path;
+    }
+
+    const QFileInfo info(path);
+    const QString base = info.completeBaseName();
+    const QString suffix = info.suffix();
+    for (int index = 1; index < 1000; ++index) {
+        const QString candidate =
+            suffix.isEmpty()
+                ? dir.filePath(QStringLiteral("%1 (%2)").arg(base).arg(index))
+                : dir.filePath(QStringLiteral("%1 (%2).%3").arg(base).arg(index).arg(suffix));
+        if (!QFileInfo::exists(candidate)) {
+            return candidate;
+        }
+    }
+    return path;
+}
+
+void Downloader::download(const QUrl &url)
+{
+    QString directory = QStandardPaths::writableLocation(QStandardPaths::DownloadLocation);
+    if (directory.isEmpty()) {
+        directory = QDir::homePath();
+    }
+    QDir().mkpath(directory);
+    start(url, uniquePath(directory, suggestedFileName(url)));
+}
+
+void Downloader::saveAs(const QUrl &url, QWidget *parent)
+{
+    QString directory = QStandardPaths::writableLocation(QStandardPaths::DownloadLocation);
+    if (directory.isEmpty()) {
+        directory = QDir::homePath();
+    }
+    const QString suggested = QDir(directory).filePath(suggestedFileName(url));
+    const QString path = QFileDialog::getSaveFileName(parent, tr("另存为"), suggested);
+    if (path.isEmpty()) {
+        return;
+    }
+    start(url, path);
+}
+
+void Downloader::start(const QUrl &url, const QString &path)
+{
+    auto *file = new QFile(path, this);
+    if (!file->open(QIODevice::WriteOnly)) {
+        Q_EMIT message(tr("无法写入：%1").arg(path));
+        file->deleteLater();
+        return;
+    }
+
+    QNetworkRequest request(url);
+    request.setAttribute(QNetworkRequest::RedirectPolicyAttribute,
+                         QNetworkRequest::NoLessSafeRedirectPolicy);
+    QNetworkReply *reply = m_manager.get(request);
+
+    Q_EMIT message(tr("开始下载：%1").arg(QFileInfo(path).fileName()));
+
+    connect(reply, &QNetworkReply::readyRead, file, [reply, file]() {
+        file->write(reply->readAll());
+    });
+    connect(reply, &QNetworkReply::finished, this, [this, reply, file, path]() {
+        file->write(reply->readAll());
+        file->close();
+        if (reply->error() != QNetworkReply::NoError) {
+            Q_EMIT message(tr("下载失败：%1").arg(reply->errorString()));
+            QFile::remove(path);
+        } else {
+            Q_EMIT message(tr("下载完成：%1").arg(path));
+        }
+        file->deleteLater();
+        reply->deleteLater();
+    });
+}
diff --git a/src/actions/downloader.h b/src/actions/downloader.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f19502d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/actions/downloader.h
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 GXDE OS Team
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-3.0-or-later
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <QNetworkAccessManager>
+#include <QObject>
+#include <QUrl>
+
+class QWidget;
+
+/**
+ * Small async downloader for links dropped on the content factory.
+ *
+ * Emits \a message with a human readable status; the panel shows it as a
+ * toast.  Downloads go to the XDG download directory unless "save as" is used.
+ */
+class Downloader : public QObject
+{
+    Q_OBJECT
+
+public:
+    static Downloader *instance();
+
+    void download(const QUrl &url);
+    void saveAs(const QUrl &url, QWidget *parent);
+
+signals:
+    void message(const QString &text);
+
+private:
+    explicit Downloader(QObject *parent = nullptr);
+
+    void start(const QUrl &url, const QString &path);
+    static QString suggestedFileName(const QUrl &url);
+    static QString uniquePath(const QString &directory, const QString &fileName);
+
+    QNetworkAccessManager m_manager;
+};
diff --git a/src/actions/texttools.cpp b/src/actions/texttools.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..72aea53
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/actions/texttools.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 GXDE OS Team
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-3.0-or-later
+
+#include "texttools.h"
+
+#include <QFile>
+#include <QRegularExpression>
+#include <QSet>
+
+#include <unicode/ubrk.h>
+#include <unicode/utypes.h>
+
+namespace TextTools {
+
+QStringList segment(const QString &text)
+{
+    QStringList words;
+    if (text.isEmpty()) {
+        return words;
+    }
+
+    UErrorCode status = U_ZERO_ERROR;
+    UBreakIterator *iterator =
+        ubrk_open(UBRK_WORD, "zh", reinterpret_cast<const UChar *>(text.utf16()), text.size(),
+                  &status);
+    if (U_FAILURE(status) || !iterator) {
+        return words;
+    }
+
+    int32_t start = ubrk_first(iterator);
+    for (int32_t end = ubrk_next(iterator); end != UBRK_DONE; start = end, end = ubrk_next(iterator)) {
+        if (ubrk_getRuleStatus(iterator) == UBRK_WORD_NONE) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        const QString word = text.mid(start, end - start).trimmed();
+        if (!word.isEmpty()) {
+            words.append(word);
+        }
+    }
+
+    ubrk_close(iterator);
+    return words;
+}
+
+QStringList extractLinks(const QString &text)
+{
+    static const QRegularExpression pattern(
+        QStringLiteral("(https?://[^\\s<>\"'\\x{3000}\\x{FF08}\\x{FF09}\\x{3010}\\x{3011}]+"
+                       "|www\\.[^\\s<>\"'\\x{3000}\\x{FF08}\\x{FF09}\\x{3010}\\x{3011}]+"
+                       "|[A-Za-z0-9._%+-]+@[A-Za-z0-9.-]+\\.[A-Za-z]{2,})"),
+        QRegularExpression::CaseInsensitiveOption);
+
+    QStringList links;
+    QSet<QString> seen;
+    auto it = pattern.globalMatch(text);
+    while (it.hasNext()) {
+        QString link = it.next().captured(1);
+        while (link.endsWith(QLatin1Char('.')) || link.endsWith(QLatin1Char(',')) ||
+               link.endsWith(QLatin1Char(')'))) {
+            link.chop(1);
+        }
+        if (!link.isEmpty() && !seen.contains(link)) {
+            seen.insert(link);
+            links.append(link);
+        }
+    }
+    return links;
+}
+
+QString readTextFile(const QString &path, qint64 maxBytes)
+{
+    QFile file(path);
+    if (!file.open(QIODevice::ReadOnly)) {
+        return QString();
+    }
+    const QByteArray data = file.read(maxBytes);
+    return QString::fromUtf8(data);
+}
+
+} // namespace TextTools
diff --git a/src/actions/texttools.h b/src/actions/texttools.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c133c9e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/actions/texttools.h
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 GXDE OS Team
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-3.0-or-later
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <QString>
+#include <QStringList>
+
+namespace TextTools {
+
+/** Chinese word segmentation (ICU word break, zh locale). */
+QStringList segment(const QString &text);
+
+/** Extract http(s) links, www links and e-mail addresses. */
+QStringList extractLinks(const QString &text);
+
+/** Read a text file with a size cap; returns an empty string on failure. */
+QString readTextFile(const QString &path, qint64 maxBytes = 4 * 1024 * 1024);
+
+} // namespace TextTools
diff --git a/src/factory/contentclassifier.cpp b/src/factory/contentclassifier.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3da885d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/factory/contentclassifier.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 GXDE OS Team
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-3.0-or-later
+
+#include "contentclassifier.h"
+
+#include <QFileInfo>
+#include <QImageReader>
+#include <QMimeData>
+#include <QUrl>
+
+namespace {
+
+QString extensionOfFile(const QString &path)
+{
+    return QFileInfo(path).suffix().toLower();
+}
+
+} // namespace
+
+QString DropContent::summary() const
+{
+    switch (kind) {
+    case Files: {
+        if (filePaths.size() == 1) {
+            const QFileInfo info(filePaths.first());
+            return QStringLiteral("文件 · %1").arg(info.fileName());
+        }
+        return QStringLiteral("%1 个文件").arg(filePaths.size());
+    }
+    case Image:
+        return QStringLiteral("图片");
+    case Text:
+        return QStringLiteral("文字 · %1 字").arg(text.size());
+    case Link:
+    case CustomLink: {
+        const QString label = link.fileType != QStringLiteral("page") && !link.fileType.isEmpty()
+                                  ? link.fileType
+                                  : link.kindLabel();
+        return link.displayName.isEmpty() ? label
+                                          : QStringLiteral("%1 · %2").arg(label, link.displayName);
+    }
+    default:
+        return QString();
+    }
+}
+
+namespace ContentClassifier {
+
+DropContent classifyText(const QString &text)
+{
+    DropContent content;
+    const QString trimmed = text.trimmed();
+    if (trimmed.isEmpty()) {
+        return content;
+    }
+
+    const LinkInfo info = LinkTools::parse(trimmed);
+    if (info.isValid()) {
+        content.kind = info.kind == LinkInfo::Http ? DropContent::Link : DropContent::CustomLink;
+        content.link = info;
+        content.text = trimmed;
+        return content;
+    }
+
+    content.kind = DropContent::Text;
+    content.text = text;
+    return content;
+}
+
+DropContent classify(const QMimeData *mime)
+{
+    DropContent content;
+    if (!mime) {
+        return content;
+    }
+
+    content.mimes = mime->formats();
+
+    if (mime->hasUrls()) {
+        QStringList localFiles;
+        LinkInfo link;
+        for (const QUrl &url : mime->urls()) {
+            if (url.isLocalFile()) {
+                localFiles.append(url.toLocalFile());
+            } else if (!link.isValid()) {
+                link = LinkTools::parseUrl(url);
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (!localFiles.isEmpty()) {
+            content.kind = DropContent::Files;
+            content.filePaths = localFiles;
+            if (localFiles.size() == 1) {
+                const QString suffix = extensionOfFile(localFiles.first());
+                if (LinkTools::fileTypeForExtension(suffix) == QStringLiteral("image") &&
+                    QImageReader(localFiles.first()).canRead()) {
+                    content.kind = DropContent::Image;
+                    content.image = QImage(localFiles.first());
+                }
+            }
+            return content;
+        }
+
+        if (link.isValid()) {
+            content.kind =
+                link.kind == LinkInfo::Http ? DropContent::Link : DropContent::CustomLink;
+            content.link = link;
+            content.text = link.url.toString();
+            return content;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (mime->hasImage()) {
+        content.image = qvariant_cast<QImage>(mime->imageData());
+        if (!content.image.isNull()) {
+            content.kind = DropContent::Image;
+            return content;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (mime->hasText()) {
+        return classifyText(mime->text());
+    }
+
+    return content;
+}
+
+} // namespace ContentClassifier
diff --git a/src/factory/contentclassifier.h b/src/factory/contentclassifier.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2649b2c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/factory/contentclassifier.h
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 GXDE OS Team
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-3.0-or-later
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <QImage>
+#include <QStringList>
+
+#include "linktools.h"
+
+class QMimeData;
+
+/**
+ * The payload dropped onto the content factory, already classified.
+ */
+struct DropContent
+{
+    enum Kind {
+        None,
+        Files,
+        Image,
+        Text,
+        Link,       // http(s)
+        CustomLink, // thunder://, spk://, magnet:, ...
+    };
+
+    Kind kind = None;
+    QStringList filePaths;
+    QString text;
+    QStringList mimes;
+    LinkInfo link;
+    QImage image;
+
+    bool valid() const { return kind != None; }
+    QString summary() const;
+};
+
+namespace ContentClassifier {
+DropContent classify(const QMimeData *mime);
+DropContent classifyText(const QString &text);
+}
diff --git a/src/factory/contentfactory.cpp b/src/factory/contentfactory.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a1d5981
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/factory/contentfactory.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,250 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 GXDE OS Team
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-3.0-or-later
+
+#include "contentfactory.h"
+
+#include "factoryactions.h"
+
+#include <QDragEnterEvent>
+#include <QDragLeaveEvent>
+#include <QDragMoveEvent>
+#include <QDropEvent>
+#include <QGridLayout>
+#include <QHBoxLayout>
+#include <QLabel>
+#include <QMimeData>
+#include <QPainter>
+#include <QPainterPath>
+#include <QStyle>
+#include <QToolButton>
+#include <QVBoxLayout>
+
+namespace {
+
+bool mimeSupported(const QMimeData *mime)
+{
+    return mime && (mime->hasUrls() || mime->hasText() || mime->hasImage());
+}
+
+} // namespace
+
+class ActionButton : public QToolButton
+{
+    Q_OBJECT
+
+public:
+    ActionButton(const FactoryAction &action, QWidget *parent)
+        : QToolButton(parent)
+        , m_id(action.id)
+    {
+        setText(action.label);
+        setToolTip(action.hint);
+        setEnabled(action.enabled);
+        setCursor(Qt::PointingHandCursor);
+        setSizePolicy(QSizePolicy::Expanding, QSizePolicy::Fixed);
+        setFixedHeight(32);
+        setAutoRaise(true);
+        setFocusPolicy(Qt::NoFocus);
+        setAcceptDrops(true);
+        if (!action.icon.isEmpty()) {
+            const QIcon icon = QIcon::fromTheme(action.icon);
+            if (!icon.isNull()) {
+                setIcon(icon);
+                setIconSize(QSize(16, 16));
+                setToolButtonStyle(Qt::ToolButtonTextBesideIcon);
+            }
+        }
+        setStyleSheet(QStringLiteral(
+            "QToolButton { color: rgba(255,255,255,0.86); background: rgba(255,255,255,0.07);"
+            " border: none; border-radius: 7px; padding: 0 8px; font-size: 12px; }"
+            "QToolButton:hover { background: rgba(120,180,255,0.30); color: white; }"
+            "QToolButton[dragover=\"true\"] { background: rgba(120,180,255,0.45); color: white;"
+            " border: 1px solid rgba(160,205,255,0.9); }"
+            "QToolButton:disabled { color: rgba(255,255,255,0.32); background: rgba(255,255,255,0.03); }"));
+    }
+
+signals:
+    void dropped(const QString &id, const QMimeData *mime);
+    void clickedAction(const QString &id);
+
+protected:
+    void dragEnterEvent(QDragEnterEvent *event) override
+    {
+        if (!mimeSupported(event->mimeData())) {
+            event->ignore();
+            return;
+        }
+        setProperty("dragover", true);
+        repolish();
+        event->acceptProposedAction();
+    }
+
+    void dragMoveEvent(QDragMoveEvent *event) override
+    {
+        if (mimeSupported(event->mimeData())) {
+            event->acceptProposedAction();
+        }
+    }
+
+    void dragLeaveEvent(QDragLeaveEvent *event) override
+    {
+        Q_UNUSED(event)
+        setProperty("dragover", false);
+        repolish();
+    }
+
+    void dropEvent(QDropEvent *event) override
+    {
+        setProperty("dragover", false);
+        repolish();
+        if (!mimeSupported(event->mimeData())) {
+            event->ignore();
+            return;
+        }
+        event->acceptProposedAction();
+        Q_EMIT dropped(m_id, event->mimeData());
+    }
+
+    void mouseReleaseEvent(QMouseEvent *event) override
+    {
+        QToolButton::mouseReleaseEvent(event);
+        if (isEnabled() && rect().contains(event->position().toPoint())) {
+            Q_EMIT clickedAction(m_id);
+        }
+    }
+
+private:
+    void repolish()
+    {
+        style()->unpolish(this);
+        style()->polish(this);
+        update();
+    }
+
+    QString m_id;
+};
+
+ContentFactory::ContentFactory(QWidget *parent)
+    : QWidget(parent)
+{
+    setAcceptDrops(true);
+    setMinimumHeight(44);
+
+    auto *outer = new QVBoxLayout(this);
+    outer->setContentsMargins(12, 7, 12, 7);
+    outer->setSpacing(6);
+
+    auto *header = new QHBoxLayout;
+    header->setContentsMargins(0, 0, 0, 0);
+    header->setSpacing(8);
+
+    auto *title = new QLabel(QStringLiteral("🔧 内容工厂"), this);
+    QFont titleFont = title->font();
+    titleFont.setPixelSize(12);
+    titleFont.setWeight(QFont::DemiBold);
+    title->setFont(titleFont);
+    title->setStyleSheet(QStringLiteral("color: rgba(255,255,255,0.88);"));
+    header->addWidget(title);
+
+    m_summary = new QLabel(this);
+    m_summary->setStyleSheet(QStringLiteral("color: rgba(255,255,255,0.45); font-size: 11px;"));
+    m_summary->setText(tr("拖到这里，按类型处理"));
+    header->addWidget(m_summary, 1);
+
+    auto *hint = new QLabel(tr("拖到动作上松手"), this);
+    hint->setStyleSheet(QStringLiteral("color: rgba(255,255,255,0.32); font-size: 11px;"));
+    header->addWidget(hint);
+
+    outer->addLayout(header);
+
+    m_actions = new QWidget(this);
+    m_grid = new QGridLayout(m_actions);
+    m_grid->setContentsMargins(0, 0, 0, 0);
+    m_grid->setHorizontalSpacing(6);
+    m_grid->setVerticalSpacing(6);
+    m_actions->hide();
+    outer->addWidget(m_actions);
+}
+
+void ContentFactory::setContent(const DropContent &content)
+{
+    m_content = content;
+    m_summary->setText(content.summary());
+    rebuild();
+    m_actions->show();
+    Q_EMIT heightChanged();
+}
+
+void ContentFactory::clearContent()
+{
+    m_content = DropContent();
+    m_summary->setText(tr("拖到这里，按类型处理"));
+    while (QLayoutItem *item = m_grid->takeAt(0)) {
+        if (QWidget *widget = item->widget()) {
+            widget->deleteLater();
+        }
+        delete item;
+    }
+    m_actions->hide();
+    Q_EMIT heightChanged();
+}
+
+void ContentFactory::rebuild()
+{
+    while (QLayoutItem *item = m_grid->takeAt(0)) {
+        if (QWidget *widget = item->widget()) {
+            widget->deleteLater();
+        }
+        delete item;
+    }
+
+    const QVector<FactoryAction> actions = actionsFor(m_content);
+    int column = 0;
+    int row = 0;
+    for (const FactoryAction &action : actions) {
+        auto *button = new ActionButton(action, m_actions);
+        installEventFilter(button);
+        connect(button, &ActionButton::clickedAction, this, [this](const QString &id) {
+            if (m_content.valid()) {
+                Q_EMIT actionRequested(id, m_content);
+            }
+        });
+        connect(button, &ActionButton::dropped, this, [this](const QString &id,
+                                                             const QMimeData *mime) {
+            const DropContent content = ContentClassifier::classify(mime);
+            if (content.valid()) {
+                Q_EMIT actionRequested(id, content);
+            }
+        });
+        m_grid->addWidget(button, row, column);
+        if (++column == 3) {
+            column = 0;
+            ++row;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+void ContentFactory::paintEvent(QPaintEvent *event)
+{
+    Q_UNUSED(event)
+    QPainter painter(this);
+    painter.setRenderHint(QPainter::Antialiasing, true);
+
+    const QRectF box = QRectF(rect()).adjusted(1.0, 1.0, -1.0, -1.0);
+    QPainterPath path;
+    path.addRoundedRect(box, 12, 12);
+    painter.fillPath(path, QColor(255, 255, 255, m_content.valid() ? 14 : 8));
+    painter.setPen(QPen(QColor(255, 255, 255, 42), 1.0));
+    painter.setBrush(Qt::NoBrush);
+    painter.drawPath(path);
+}
+
+bool ContentFactory::eventFilter(QObject *watched, QEvent *event)
+{
+    if (event->type() == QEvent::DragEnter || event->type() == QEvent::DragMove) {
+        Q_EMIT dragActivity();
+    }
+    return QWidget::eventFilter(watched, event);
+}
+
+#include "contentfactory.moc"
diff --git a/src/factory/contentfactory.h b/src/factory/contentfactory.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..17c4b72
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/factory/contentfactory.h
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 GXDE OS Team
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-3.0-or-later
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <QWidget>
+
+#include "contentclassifier.h"
+
+class QGridLayout;
+class QLabel;
+class QMimeData;
+
+/**
+ * Third box of the panel: shows type aware actions for the dragged payload.
+ *
+ * Every action button is itself a drop target, so the user can drag the
+ * payload straight onto the action and release.
+ */
+class ContentFactory : public QWidget
+{
+    Q_OBJECT
+
+public:
+    explicit ContentFactory(QWidget *parent = nullptr);
+
+    void setContent(const DropContent &content);
+    void clearContent();
+    bool hasContent() const { return m_content.valid(); }
+    const DropContent &content() const { return m_content; }
+
+signals:
+    void actionRequested(const QString &id, const DropContent &content);
+    void heightChanged();
+    void dragActivity();
+
+protected:
+    void paintEvent(QPaintEvent *event) override;
+    bool eventFilter(QObject *watched, QEvent *event) override;
+
+private:
+    void rebuild();
+
+    QLabel *m_summary = nullptr;
+    QWidget *m_actions = nullptr;
+    QGridLayout *m_grid = nullptr;
+    DropContent m_content;
+};
diff --git a/src/factory/factoryactions.cpp b/src/factory/factoryactions.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..81cc858
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/factory/factoryactions.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,148 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 GXDE OS Team
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-3.0-or-later
+
+#include "factoryactions.h"
+
+#include <QFileInfo>
+
+namespace {
+
+FactoryAction action(const QString &id, const QString &label, const QString &icon = QString(),
+                     const QString &hint = QString(), bool enabled = true)
+{
+    return FactoryAction{ id, label, icon, hint, enabled };
+}
+
+QVector<FactoryAction> linkActions(const DropContent &content)
+{
+    QVector<FactoryAction> actions;
+    const LinkInfo &link = content.link;
+
+    if (link.kind == LinkInfo::Http) {
+        actions.append(action(QStringLiteral("open"), QStringLiteral("浏览器打开"),
+                              QStringLiteral("web-browser")));
+        if (link.fileType == QStringLiteral("image")) {
+            actions.append(action(QStringLiteral("preview"), QStringLiteral("预览图片"),
+                                  QStringLiteral("image-x-generic")));
+        } else if (link.fileType == QStringLiteral("audio") ||
+                   link.fileType == QStringLiteral("video")) {
+            actions.append(action(QStringLiteral("play"), QStringLiteral("在线播放"),
+                                  QStringLiteral("media-playback-start")));
+        }
+        actions.append(action(QStringLiteral("download"), QStringLiteral("下载"),
+                              QStringLiteral("download")));
+        actions.append(action(QStringLiteral("save_as"), QStringLiteral("另存为…"),
+                              QStringLiteral("document-save-as")));
+        actions.append(action(QStringLiteral("copy"), QStringLiteral("复制链接"),
+                              QStringLiteral("edit-copy")));
+        actions.append(action(QStringLiteral("copy_markdown"), QStringLiteral("复制为 Markdown"),
+                              QStringLiteral("edit-copy")));
+        actions.append(action(QStringLiteral("copy_name"), QStringLiteral("复制文件名"),
+                              QStringLiteral("edit-copy")));
+        actions.append(action(QStringLiteral("todo"), QStringLiteral("添加到待办"),
+                              QStringLiteral("checkbox-checked")));
+        actions.append(action(QStringLiteral("ask"), QStringLiteral("问问小埃"),
+                              QStringLiteral("dialog-question")));
+        return actions;
+    }
+
+    actions.append(action(QStringLiteral("try_open"), QStringLiteral("尝试打开"),
+                          QStringLiteral("application-x-executable")));
+    if (!link.decodedUrl.isEmpty()) {
+        actions.append(action(QStringLiteral("decode"), QStringLiteral("查看真实地址"),
+                              QStringLiteral("edit-find")));
+        actions.append(action(QStringLiteral("copy_decoded"), QStringLiteral("复制真实地址"),
+                              QStringLiteral("edit-copy")));
+    }
+    actions.append(action(QStringLiteral("copy"), QStringLiteral("复制链接"),
+                          QStringLiteral("edit-copy")));
+    if (!link.displayName.isEmpty()) {
+        actions.append(action(QStringLiteral("copy_name"), QStringLiteral("复制名称"),
+                              QStringLiteral("edit-copy")));
+    }
+    actions.append(action(QStringLiteral("todo"), QStringLiteral("添加到待办"),
+                          QStringLiteral("checkbox-checked")));
+    actions.append(action(QStringLiteral("ask"), QStringLiteral("问问小埃"),
+                          QStringLiteral("dialog-question")));
+    return actions;
+}
+
+QVector<FactoryAction> fileActions(const DropContent &content)
+{
+    QVector<FactoryAction> actions;
+    const QString path = content.filePaths.value(0);
+    const QString type = LinkTools::fileTypeForExtension(QFileInfo(path).suffix().toLower());
+
+    actions.append(action(QStringLiteral("open"), QStringLiteral("打开"),
+                          QStringLiteral("document-open")));
+    if (type == QStringLiteral("image")) {
+        actions.append(action(QStringLiteral("ocr"), QStringLiteral("提取文字"),
+                              QStringLiteral("insert-text")));
+        actions.append(action(QStringLiteral("describe"), QStringLiteral("生成描述"),
+                              QStringLiteral("dialog-question")));
+    } else if (type == QStringLiteral("audio") || type == QStringLiteral("video")) {
+        actions.append(action(QStringLiteral("transcribe"), QStringLiteral("转文字"),
+                              QStringLiteral("insert-text"), QStringLiteral("尚未接入"), false));
+    } else if (type == QStringLiteral("document") || type == QStringLiteral("code")) {
+        actions.append(action(QStringLiteral("segment"), QStringLiteral("分词"),
+                              QStringLiteral("insert-text")));
+        actions.append(action(QStringLiteral("extract_links"), QStringLiteral("提取链接"),
+                              QStringLiteral("insert-link")));
+        actions.append(action(QStringLiteral("speak"), QStringLiteral("朗读"),
+                              QStringLiteral("audio-volume-high")));
+    }
+
+    actions.append(action(QStringLiteral("copy_path"), QStringLiteral("复制路径"),
+                          QStringLiteral("edit-copy")));
+    actions.append(action(QStringLiteral("todo"), QStringLiteral("添加到待办"),
+                          QStringLiteral("checkbox-checked")));
+    actions.append(action(QStringLiteral("ask"), QStringLiteral("问问小埃"),
+                          QStringLiteral("dialog-question")));
+    return actions;
+}
+
+} // namespace
+
+QVector<FactoryAction> actionsFor(const DropContent &content)
+{
+    switch (content.kind) {
+    case DropContent::Files:
+        return fileActions(content);
+    case DropContent::Image:
+        return {
+            action(QStringLiteral("preview"), QStringLiteral("预览图片"),
+                   QStringLiteral("image-x-generic")),
+            action(QStringLiteral("save_image"), QStringLiteral("保存图片…"),
+                   QStringLiteral("document-save-as")),
+            action(QStringLiteral("ocr"), QStringLiteral("提取文字"),
+                   QStringLiteral("insert-text")),
+            action(QStringLiteral("describe"), QStringLiteral("生成描述"),
+                   QStringLiteral("dialog-question")),
+            action(QStringLiteral("todo"), QStringLiteral("添加到待办"),
+                   QStringLiteral("checkbox-checked")),
+            action(QStringLiteral("ask"), QStringLiteral("问问小埃"),
+                   QStringLiteral("dialog-question")),
+        };
+    case DropContent::Text:
+        return {
+            action(QStringLiteral("segment"), QStringLiteral("分词"),
+                   QStringLiteral("insert-text")),
+            action(QStringLiteral("extract_links"), QStringLiteral("提取链接"),
+                   QStringLiteral("insert-link")),
+            action(QStringLiteral("translate"), QStringLiteral("翻译"),
+                   QStringLiteral("accessories-dictionary")),
+            action(QStringLiteral("speak"), QStringLiteral("朗读"),
+                   QStringLiteral("audio-volume-high")),
+            action(QStringLiteral("copy"), QStringLiteral("复制"), QStringLiteral("edit-copy")),
+            action(QStringLiteral("todo"), QStringLiteral("添加到待办"),
+                   QStringLiteral("checkbox-checked")),
+            action(QStringLiteral("ask"), QStringLiteral("问问小埃"),
+                   QStringLiteral("dialog-question")),
+        };
+    case DropContent::Link:
+    case DropContent::CustomLink:
+        return linkActions(content);
+    default:
+        return {};
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/factory/factoryactions.h b/src/factory/factoryactions.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..18d9402
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/factory/factoryactions.h
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 GXDE OS Team
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-3.0-or-later
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <QString>
+#include <QVector>
+
+#include "contentclassifier.h"
+
+struct FactoryAction
+{
+    QString id;
+    QString label;
+    QString icon; // theme icon name, optional
+    QString hint;
+    bool enabled = true;
+};
+
+/** Actions offered by the content factory for a given payload. */
+QVector<FactoryAction> actionsFor(const DropContent &content);
diff --git a/src/factory/linktools.cpp b/src/factory/linktools.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..748fe89
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/factory/linktools.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,241 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 GXDE OS Team
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-3.0-or-later
+
+#include "linktools.h"
+
+#include <QFileInfo>
+#include <QRegularExpression>
+#include <QUrlQuery>
+
+namespace {
+
+const QStringList kImageExtensions = {
+    QStringLiteral("jpg"),  QStringLiteral("jpeg"), QStringLiteral("png"),
+    QStringLiteral("gif"),  QStringLiteral("webp"), QStringLiteral("svg"),
+    QStringLiteral("bmp"),  QStringLiteral("avif"), QStringLiteral("heic"),
+    QStringLiteral("ico"),
+};
+
+const QStringList kAudioExtensions = {
+    QStringLiteral("mp3"),  QStringLiteral("flac"), QStringLiteral("wav"),
+    QStringLiteral("ogg"),  QStringLiteral("oga"),  QStringLiteral("m4a"),
+    QStringLiteral("aac"),  QStringLiteral("opus"), QStringLiteral("wma"),
+};
+
+const QStringList kVideoExtensions = {
+    QStringLiteral("mp4"), QStringLiteral("mkv"), QStringLiteral("webm"),
+    QStringLiteral("avi"), QStringLiteral("mov"), QStringLiteral("flv"),
+    QStringLiteral("m4v"), QStringLiteral("ts"),
+};
+
+const QStringList kDocumentExtensions = {
+    QStringLiteral("pdf"),  QStringLiteral("doc"),  QStringLiteral("docx"),
+    QStringLiteral("xls"),  QStringLiteral("xlsx"), QStringLiteral("ppt"),
+    QStringLiteral("pptx"), QStringLiteral("odt"),  QStringLiteral("ods"),
+    QStringLiteral("txt"),  QStringLiteral("md"),   QStringLiteral("rtf"),
+    QStringLiteral("epub"),
+};
+
+const QStringList kArchiveExtensions = {
+    QStringLiteral("zip"), QStringLiteral("7z"),  QStringLiteral("rar"),
+    QStringLiteral("tar"), QStringLiteral("gz"),  QStringLiteral("bz2"),
+    QStringLiteral("xz"),  QStringLiteral("zst"), QStringLiteral("deb"),
+    QStringLiteral("rpm"), QStringLiteral("apk"), QStringLiteral("iso"),
+};
+
+const QStringList kCodeExtensions = {
+    QStringLiteral("json"), QStringLiteral("xml"), QStringLiteral("html"),
+    QStringLiteral("htm"),  QStringLiteral("js"),  QStringLiteral("css"),
+    QStringLiteral("py"),   QStringLiteral("c"),   QStringLiteral("cpp"),
+    QStringLiteral("h"),    QStringLiteral("sh"),  QStringLiteral("go"),
+    QStringLiteral("rs"),   QStringLiteral("java"),
+};
+
+QString extensionOfPath(const QString &path)
+{
+    const QString suffix = QFileInfo(path).suffix().toLower();
+    return suffix;
+}
+
+} // namespace
+
+QString LinkInfo::kindLabel() const
+{
+    switch (kind) {
+    case Http:
+        return fileType == QStringLiteral("page") ? QStringLiteral("网页链接")
+                                                  : QStringLiteral("文件链接");
+    case Standard:
+        return QStringLiteral("链接");
+    case Custom:
+        return QStringLiteral("应用链接");
+    default:
+        return QString();
+    }
+}
+
+namespace LinkTools {
+
+QString fileTypeForExtension(const QString &extension)
+{
+    if (extension.isEmpty()) {
+        return QStringLiteral("page");
+    }
+    if (kImageExtensions.contains(extension)) {
+        return QStringLiteral("image");
+    }
+    if (kAudioExtensions.contains(extension)) {
+        return QStringLiteral("audio");
+    }
+    if (kVideoExtensions.contains(extension)) {
+        return QStringLiteral("video");
+    }
+    if (kDocumentExtensions.contains(extension)) {
+        return QStringLiteral("document");
+    }
+    if (kArchiveExtensions.contains(extension)) {
+        return QStringLiteral("archive");
+    }
+    if (kCodeExtensions.contains(extension)) {
+        return QStringLiteral("code");
+    }
+    return QStringLiteral("unknown");
+}
+
+QString decodeThunder(const QString &text)
+{
+    static const QString prefix = QStringLiteral("thunder://");
+    if (!text.startsWith(prefix, Qt::CaseInsensitive)) {
+        return QString();
+    }
+
+    QString payload = text.mid(prefix.size()).trimmed();
+    payload.replace(QLatin1Char('-'), QLatin1Char('+'));
+    payload.replace(QLatin1Char('_'), QLatin1Char('/'));
+
+    QByteArray encoded = payload.toLatin1();
+    while (encoded.size() % 4 != 0) {
+        encoded.append('=');
+    }
+
+    const QByteArray decoded = QByteArray::fromBase64(encoded);
+    QString value = QString::fromUtf8(decoded);
+    if (value.startsWith(QStringLiteral("AA"))) {
+        value.remove(0, 2);
+    }
+    if (value.endsWith(QStringLiteral("ZZ"))) {
+        value.chop(2);
+    }
+    return value.trimmed();
+}
+
+QString displayNameFor(const QUrl &url)
+{
+    if (url.scheme().compare(QStringLiteral("magnet"), Qt::CaseInsensitive) == 0) {
+        const QUrlQuery query(url);
+        const QString name = query.queryItemValue(QStringLiteral("dn"));
+        if (!name.isEmpty()) {
+            return name;
+        }
+    }
+
+    QString path = url.path();
+    const QString name = path.section(QLatin1Char('/'), -1, -1, QString::SectionSkipEmpty);
+    if (!name.isEmpty()) {
+        return name;
+    }
+    return url.host();
+}
+
+LinkInfo parseUrl(const QUrl &url)
+{
+    LinkInfo info;
+    if (!url.isValid() || url.scheme().isEmpty()) {
+        return info;
+    }
+
+    info.url = url;
+    info.scheme = url.scheme().toLower();
+    info.displayName = displayNameFor(url);
+
+    if (info.scheme == QStringLiteral("http") || info.scheme == QStringLiteral("https")) {
+        info.kind = LinkInfo::Http;
+        info.extension = extensionOfPath(url.path());
+        info.fileType = fileTypeForExtension(info.extension);
+        info.looksLikeFile = info.fileType != QStringLiteral("page") &&
+                             info.fileType != QStringLiteral("unknown");
+    } else if (info.scheme == QStringLiteral("thunder")) {
+        info.kind = LinkInfo::Custom;
+        info.decodedUrl = decodeThunder(url.toString());
+        if (!info.decodedUrl.isEmpty()) {
+            const QUrl real(info.decodedUrl);
+            info.extension = extensionOfPath(real.path());
+            info.fileType = fileTypeForExtension(info.extension);
+            info.displayName = displayNameFor(real);
+        }
+    } else if (info.scheme == QStringLiteral("magnet") || info.scheme == QStringLiteral("ed2k") ||
+               info.scheme == QStringLiteral("spk") ||
+               info.scheme == QStringLiteral("x-scheme-handler")) {
+        info.kind = LinkInfo::Custom;
+    } else if (info.scheme == QStringLiteral("ftp") || info.scheme == QStringLiteral("mailto") ||
+               info.scheme == QStringLiteral("tel") || info.scheme == QStringLiteral("file")) {
+        info.kind = LinkInfo::Standard;
+    } else {
+        info.kind = LinkInfo::Custom;
+    }
+
+    return info;
+}
+
+LinkInfo parse(const QString &text)
+{
+    const QString trimmed = text.trimmed();
+    if (trimmed.isEmpty() || trimmed.contains(QLatin1Char('\n'))) {
+        return LinkInfo();
+    }
+
+    if (trimmed.startsWith(QStringLiteral("www."), Qt::CaseInsensitive)) {
+        return parseUrl(QUrl(QStringLiteral("https://") + trimmed));
+    }
+
+    /* QUrl lowercases the host part, which destroys base64 payloads such as
+     * thunder://.  Handle these schemes on the raw string. */
+    if (trimmed.startsWith(QStringLiteral("thunder://"), Qt::CaseInsensitive)) {
+        LinkInfo info;
+        info.kind = LinkInfo::Custom;
+        info.raw = trimmed;
+        info.scheme = QStringLiteral("thunder");
+        info.url = QUrl(trimmed);
+        info.decodedUrl = decodeThunder(trimmed);
+        if (!info.decodedUrl.isEmpty()) {
+            const QUrl real(info.decodedUrl);
+            info.extension = extensionOfPath(real.path());
+            info.fileType = fileTypeForExtension(info.extension);
+            info.displayName = displayNameFor(real);
+        }
+        return info;
+    }
+
+    static const QRegularExpression schemePattern(
+        QStringLiteral("^[A-Za-z][A-Za-z0-9+.-]*://?"), QRegularExpression::CaseInsensitiveOption);
+    if (!schemePattern.match(trimmed).hasMatch() &&
+        !trimmed.startsWith(QStringLiteral("magnet:"), Qt::CaseInsensitive) &&
+        !trimmed.startsWith(QStringLiteral("mailto:"), Qt::CaseInsensitive) &&
+        !trimmed.startsWith(QStringLiteral("tel:"), Qt::CaseInsensitive)) {
+        return LinkInfo();
+    }
+
+    LinkInfo info = parseUrl(QUrl(trimmed));
+    if (info.isValid() && info.raw.isEmpty()) {
+        info.raw = trimmed;
+    }
+    return info;
+}
+
+bool isHttpLink(const QString &text)
+{
+    const LinkInfo info = parse(text);
+    return info.kind == LinkInfo::Http;
+}
+
+} // namespace LinkTools
diff --git a/src/factory/linktools.h b/src/factory/linktools.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..368fbab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/factory/linktools.h
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 GXDE OS Team
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-3.0-or-later
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <QString>
+#include <QStringList>
+#include <QUrl>
+
+/**
+ * Classification of a link dropped onto the content factory.
+ */
+struct LinkInfo
+{
+    enum Kind {
+        None,
+        Http,      // http(s) URL
+        Standard,  // other standard URL (ftp, mailto, tel, file)
+        Custom,    // app specific scheme (thunder, spk, magnet, ed2k, ...)
+        Other,
+    };
+
+    Kind kind = None;
+    QUrl url;
+    QString scheme;
+    QString extension;   // lower case, without dot
+    QString fileType;    // image / audio / video / document / archive / code / page / unknown
+    QString raw;         // original text, preserved for custom schemes
+    QString decodedUrl;  // thunder:// and friends
+    QString displayName; // magnet dn / last path segment
+    bool looksLikeFile = false;
+
+    bool isValid() const { return kind != None; }
+    QString kindLabel() const;
+};
+
+namespace LinkTools {
+
+LinkInfo parse(const QString &text);
+LinkInfo parseUrl(const QUrl &url);
+
+/** Map a file extension to a coarse content type. */
+QString fileTypeForExtension(const QString &extension);
+
+/** Decode thunder:// (base64 of "AA" + url + "ZZ") and magnet display name. */
+QString decodeThunder(const QString &text);
+
+QString displayNameFor(const QUrl &url);
+
+bool isHttpLink(const QString &text);
+
+} // namespace LinkTools
diff --git a/src/todo/todomodel.cpp b/src/todo/todomodel.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2f11f70
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/todo/todomodel.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,165 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 GXDE OS Team
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-3.0-or-later
+
+#include "todomodel.h"
+
+#include <QDateTime>
+#include <QFile>
+#include <QJsonArray>
+#include <QJsonDocument>
+#include <QJsonObject>
+#include <QSaveFile>
+#include <QUuid>
+
+#include "config.h"
+
+TodoModel *TodoModel::instance()
+{
+    static TodoModel *self = new TodoModel;
+    return self;
+}
+
+TodoModel::TodoModel(QObject *parent)
+    : QAbstractListModel(parent)
+{
+    m_path = Config::instance()->dataDir() + QStringLiteral("/todo.json");
+    load();
+}
+
+int TodoModel::rowCount(const QModelIndex &parent) const
+{
+    return parent.isValid() ? 0 : m_items.size();
+}
+
+QVariant TodoModel::data(const QModelIndex &index, int role) const
+{
+    if (!index.isValid() || index.row() >= m_items.size()) {
+        return QVariant();
+    }
+    const TodoItem &item = m_items.at(index.row());
+    switch (role) {
+    case Qt::DisplayRole:
+    case TextRole:
+        return item.text;
+    case DoneRole:
+        return item.done;
+    case IdRole:
+        return item.id;
+    default:
+        return QVariant();
+    }
+}
+
+bool TodoModel::removeRows(int row, int count, const QModelIndex &parent)
+{
+    if (parent.isValid() || row < 0 || count <= 0 || row + count > m_items.size()) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    beginRemoveRows(QModelIndex(), row, row + count - 1);
+    for (int i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
+        m_items.removeAt(row);
+    }
+    endRemoveRows();
+    save();
+    Q_EMIT countChanged();
+    return true;
+}
+
+Qt::ItemFlags TodoModel::flags(const QModelIndex &index) const
+{
+    return index.isValid() ? (Qt::ItemIsEnabled | Qt::ItemIsSelectable) : Qt::NoItemFlags;
+}
+
+void TodoModel::add(const QString &text)
+{
+    const QString trimmed = text.trimmed();
+    if (trimmed.isEmpty()) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    TodoItem item;
+    item.id = QUuid::createUuid().toString(QUuid::WithoutBraces);
+    item.text = trimmed;
+    item.createdAt = QDateTime::currentMSecsSinceEpoch();
+
+    beginInsertRows(QModelIndex(), 0, 0);
+    m_items.prepend(item);
+    endInsertRows();
+    save();
+    Q_EMIT countChanged();
+}
+
+void TodoModel::setDone(int row, bool done)
+{
+    if (row < 0 || row >= m_items.size() || m_items[row].done == done) {
+        return;
+    }
+    m_items[row].done = done;
+    const QModelIndex idx = index(row);
+    Q_EMIT dataChanged(idx, idx, { DoneRole });
+    save();
+}
+
+const TodoItem *TodoModel::itemAt(int row) const
+{
+    return (row >= 0 && row < m_items.size()) ? &m_items.at(row) : nullptr;
+}
+
+void TodoModel::load()
+{
+    QFile file(m_path);
+    if (!file.open(QIODevice::ReadOnly)) {
+        return;
+    }
+    const QJsonDocument doc = QJsonDocument::fromJson(file.readAll());
+    if (!doc.isObject()) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    QList<TodoItem> items;
+    const QJsonArray array = doc.object().value(QStringLiteral("items")).toArray();
+    for (const QJsonValue &value : array) {
+        const QJsonObject object = value.toObject();
+        TodoItem item;
+        item.id = object.value(QStringLiteral("id")).toString();
+        item.text = object.value(QStringLiteral("text")).toString();
+        item.done = object.value(QStringLiteral("done")).toBool();
+        item.createdAt =
+            static_cast<qint64>(object.value(QStringLiteral("createdAt")).toDouble());
+        if (!item.text.isEmpty()) {
+            items.append(item);
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (items.isEmpty()) {
+        return;
+    }
+    beginResetModel();
+    m_items = items;
+    endResetModel();
+    Q_EMIT countChanged();
+}
+
+void TodoModel::save() const
+{
+    QJsonArray array;
+    for (const TodoItem &item : m_items) {
+        QJsonObject object;
+        object.insert(QStringLiteral("id"), item.id);
+        object.insert(QStringLiteral("text"), item.text);
+        object.insert(QStringLiteral("done"), item.done);
+        object.insert(QStringLiteral("createdAt"), static_cast<double>(item.createdAt));
+        array.append(object);
+    }
+
+    QJsonObject root;
+    root.insert(QStringLiteral("version"), 1);
+    root.insert(QStringLiteral("items"), array);
+
+    QSaveFile file(m_path);
+    if (!file.open(QIODevice::WriteOnly)) {
+        return;
+    }
+    file.write(QJsonDocument(root).toJson(QJsonDocument::Indented));
+    file.commit();
+}
diff --git a/src/todo/todomodel.h b/src/todo/todomodel.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ca0ced1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/todo/todomodel.h
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 GXDE OS Team
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-3.0-or-later
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <QAbstractListModel>
+#include <QList>
+#include <QString>
+
+struct TodoItem
+{
+    QString id;
+    QString text;
+    bool done = false;
+    qint64 createdAt = 0;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Persisted todo list backing the todo window and the "add to todo" action.
+ */
+class TodoModel : public QAbstractListModel
+{
+    Q_OBJECT
+
+public:
+    enum Roles {
+        TextRole = Qt::UserRole + 1,
+        DoneRole,
+        IdRole,
+    };
+
+    static TodoModel *instance();
+
+    int rowCount(const QModelIndex &parent = QModelIndex()) const override;
+    QVariant data(const QModelIndex &index, int role = Qt::DisplayRole) const override;
+    bool removeRows(int row, int count, const QModelIndex &parent = QModelIndex()) override;
+    Qt::ItemFlags flags(const QModelIndex &index) const override;
+
+    void add(const QString &text);
+    void setDone(int row, bool done);
+    const TodoItem *itemAt(int row) const;
+    int count() const { return m_items.size(); }
+
+    void load();
+    void save() const;
+
+signals:
+    void countChanged();
+
+private:
+    explicit TodoModel(QObject *parent = nullptr);
+
+    QList<TodoItem> m_items;
+    QString m_path;
+};
diff --git a/src/ui/portalpanel.cpp b/src/ui/portalpanel.cpp
index bf46587..a7f5056 100644
--- a/src/ui/portalpanel.cpp
+++ b/src/ui/portalpanel.cpp
@@ -5,7 +5,21 @@
 
 #include "config.h"
 #include "portal/portalclient.h"
-#include "staging/stagingitem.h"
+
+#include "actions/downloader.h"
+#include "actions/texttools.h"
+#include "factory/contentclassifier.h"
+#include "factory/contentfactory.h"
+#include "todo/todomodel.h"
+
+#include <QApplication>
+#include <QClipboard>
+#include <QDesktopServices>
+#include <QFileDialog>
+#include <QMessageBox>
+#include <QProcess>
+#include <QStandardPaths>
+#include <QTemporaryDir>#include "staging/stagingitem.h"
 #include "staging/stagingmodel.h"
 
 #include <QApplication>
@@ -267,6 +281,10 @@ public:
         setAcceptDrops(true);
     }
 
+signals:
+    void dragContent(const QMimeData *mime);
+    void dragFinished();
+
 protected:
     void paintEvent(QPaintEvent *event) override
     {
@@ -326,6 +344,7 @@ protected:
             return;
         }
         if (mimeSupported(event->mimeData())) {
+            Q_EMIT dragContent(event->mimeData());
             event->acceptProposedAction();
             return;
         }
@@ -339,6 +358,7 @@ protected:
             return;
         }
         if (mimeSupported(event->mimeData())) {
+            Q_EMIT dragContent(event->mimeData());
             event->acceptProposedAction();
             updateHover(event->position().toPoint());
             return;
@@ -357,9 +377,16 @@ protected:
         if (staging) {
             staging->addMimeData(event->mimeData());
         }
+        Q_EMIT dragFinished();
         event->acceptProposedAction();
     }
 
+    void dragLeaveEvent(QDragLeaveEvent *event) override
+    {
+        Q_EMIT dragFinished();
+        QListView::dragLeaveEvent(event);
+    }
+
 private:
     void updateHover(const QPoint &pos)
     {
@@ -497,6 +524,8 @@ signals:
     void chatRequested();
     void portalRequested();
     void portalCancelled();
+    void dragContent(const QMimeData *mime);
+    void dragFinished();
 
 protected:
     void resizeEvent(QResizeEvent *event) override
@@ -573,12 +602,14 @@ protected:
         if (!m_portalActive) {
             m_portalTimer.start();
         }
+        Q_EMIT dragContent(event->mimeData());
         event->acceptProposedAction();
     }
 
     void dragMoveEvent(QDragMoveEvent *event) override
     {
         if (mimeSupported(event->mimeData())) {
+            Q_EMIT dragContent(event->mimeData());
             event->acceptProposedAction();
         }
     }
@@ -589,6 +620,7 @@ protected:
         m_active = false;
         update();
         m_portalTimer.stop();
+        Q_EMIT dragFinished();
     }
 
     void dropEvent(QDropEvent *event) override
@@ -596,6 +628,7 @@ protected:
         m_active = false;
         m_portalTimer.stop();
         update();
+        Q_EMIT dragFinished();
         if (!m_portalActive) {
             showHint(tr("悬停在「传送门」上，再移动到目标窗口"));
             event->ignore();
@@ -705,8 +738,12 @@ void PortalPanel::setupWindow()
 
 void PortalPanel::setupUi()
 {
-    auto *outer = new QHBoxLayout(this);
-    outer->setContentsMargins(kMargin, kMargin, kMargin, kMargin);
+    auto *root = new QVBoxLayout(this);
+    root->setContentsMargins(kMargin, kMargin, kMargin, kMargin);
+    root->setSpacing(8);
+
+    auto *outer = new QHBoxLayout;
+    outer->setContentsMargins(0, 0, 0, 0);
     outer->setSpacing(10);
 
     m_zone = new PortalZone(this);
@@ -782,9 +819,37 @@ void PortalPanel::setupUi()
     right->addWidget(m_view, 1);
 
     outer->addLayout(right, 1);
+    root->addLayout(outer);
 
-    m_factory = new QWidget(this);
+    m_factory = new ContentFactory(this);
     m_factory->hide();
+    root->addWidget(m_factory);
+
+    m_toast = new QLabel(this);
+    m_toast->hide();
+    m_toast->setAttribute(Qt::WA_TransparentForMouseEvents);
+    m_toast->setStyleSheet(QStringLiteral(
+        "QLabel { background: rgba(0,0,0,0.72); color: white; border-radius: 8px;"
+        " padding: 6px 12px; font-size: 12px; }"));
+
+    m_factoryTimer = new QTimer(this);
+    m_factoryTimer->setSingleShot(true);
+    m_factoryTimer->setInterval(280);
+    connect(m_factoryTimer, &QTimer::timeout, this, [this]() {
+        if (m_factory) {
+            m_factory->clearContent();
+            m_factory->hide();
+        }
+        refreshLayout();
+    });
+
+    connect(m_zone, &PortalZone::dragContent, this, &PortalPanel::noteDragContent);
+    connect(m_zone, &PortalZone::dragFinished, this, &PortalPanel::noteDragFinished);
+    connect(m_view, &StagingView::dragContent, this, &PortalPanel::noteDragContent);
+    connect(m_view, &StagingView::dragFinished, this, &PortalPanel::noteDragFinished);
+    connect(m_factory, &ContentFactory::actionRequested, this, &PortalPanel::runFactoryAction);
+    connect(m_factory, &ContentFactory::heightChanged, this, [this]() { refreshLayout(); });
+    connect(m_factory, &ContentFactory::dragActivity, this, [this]() { m_factoryTimer->stop(); });
 }
 
 void PortalPanel::refreshLayout()
@@ -807,10 +872,185 @@ void PortalPanel::updateGeometryForContent()
 
     const int headerHeight = 26;
     const int selectionHeight = (m_selectionBar && m_selectionBar->isVisible()) ? 32 : 0;
-    const int totalHeight = kMargin * 2 + headerHeight + 6 + selectionHeight + listHeight;
+    const int factoryHeight =
+        (m_factory && m_factory->isVisible()) ? m_factory->sizeHint().height() + 8 : 0;
+    const int totalHeight =
+        kMargin * 2 + headerHeight + 6 + selectionHeight + listHeight + factoryHeight;
     resize(kPanelWidth, totalHeight);
 }
 
+void PortalPanel::noteDragContent(const QMimeData *mime)
+{
+    if (!mime) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    m_factoryTimer->stop();
+
+    const DropContent content = ContentClassifier::classify(mime);
+    if (!content.valid()) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    if (m_factory->isVisible() && m_factory->hasContent() &&
+        m_factory->content().summary() == content.summary()) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    m_factory->setContent(content);
+    m_factory->show();
+    refreshLayout();
+}
+
+void PortalPanel::noteDragFinished()
+{
+    if (m_factoryTimer) {
+        m_factoryTimer->start();
+    }
+}
+
+void PortalPanel::toast(const QString &text)
+{
+    if (!m_toast) {
+        return;
+    }
+    m_toast->setText(text);
+    m_toast->adjustSize();
+    m_toast->move((width() - m_toast->width()) / 2, height() - m_toast->height() - 14);
+    m_toast->show();
+    m_toast->raise();
+    QTimer::singleShot(2600, m_toast, &QLabel::hide);
+}
+
+void PortalPanel::showTextDialog(const QString &title, const QString &text)
+{
+    QMessageBox box(QMessageBox::Information, title, text.left(4000), QMessageBox::Ok, this);
+    QPushButton *copyButton = box.addButton(tr("复制"), QMessageBox::ActionRole);
+    box.exec();
+    if (box.clickedButton() == copyButton) {
+        QApplication::clipboard()->setText(text);
+        toast(tr("已复制"));
+    }
+}
+
+void PortalPanel::runFactoryAction(const QString &id, const DropContent &content)
+{
+    auto copyText = [this](const QString &text) {
+        QApplication::clipboard()->setText(text);
+        toast(tr("已复制"));
+    };
+
+    const QString link = content.link.url.toString();
+    const QString sourceText = content.kind == DropContent::Text
+                                   ? content.text
+                                   : (content.kind == DropContent::Files
+                                          ? TextTools::readTextFile(content.filePaths.value(0),
+                                                                    512 * 1024)
+                                          : content.text);
+
+    if (id == QLatin1String("open")) {
+        if (content.kind == DropContent::Files) {
+            QDesktopServices::openUrl(QUrl::fromLocalFile(content.filePaths.value(0)));
+        } else if (!link.isEmpty()) {
+            QDesktopServices::openUrl(content.link.url);
+        }
+        return;
+    }
+    if (id == QLatin1String("open_browser") || id == QLatin1String("try_open") ||
+        id == QLatin1String("preview") || id == QLatin1String("play")) {
+        QDesktopServices::openUrl(content.link.url);
+        return;
+    }
+    if (id == QLatin1String("download")) {
+        Downloader::instance()->download(content.link.url);
+        return;
+    }
+    if (id == QLatin1String("save_as")) {
+        Downloader::instance()->saveAs(content.link.url, this);
+        return;
+    }
+    if (id == QLatin1String("copy")) {
+        copyText(!content.link.raw.isEmpty() ? content.link.raw
+                                             : (link.isEmpty() ? content.text : link));
+        return;
+    }
+    if (id == QLatin1String("copy_markdown")) {
+        copyText(QStringLiteral("[%1](%2)").arg(content.link.displayName, link));
+        return;
+    }
+    if (id == QLatin1String("copy_name")) {
+        copyText(content.link.displayName);
+        return;
+    }
+    if (id == QLatin1String("copy_path")) {
+        copyText(content.filePaths.value(0));
+        return;
+    }
+    if (id == QLatin1String("copy_decoded")) {
+        copyText(content.link.decodedUrl);
+        return;
+    }
+    if (id == QLatin1String("decode")) {
+        showTextDialog(tr("真实地址"), content.link.decodedUrl);
+        return;
+    }
+    if (id == QLatin1String("segment")) {
+        const QStringList words = TextTools::segment(sourceText.left(20000));
+        showTextDialog(tr("分词（%1）").arg(words.size()), words.join(QStringLiteral(" / ")));
+        return;
+    }
+    if (id == QLatin1String("extract_links")) {
+        const QStringList links = TextTools::extractLinks(sourceText);
+        showTextDialog(tr("提取链接（%1）").arg(links.size()), links.join(QLatin1Char('\n')));
+        return;
+    }
+    if (id == QLatin1String("speak")) {
+        const QString program = QStandardPaths::findExecutable(QStringLiteral("spd-say"));
+        if (program.isEmpty()) {
+            toast(tr("未找到语音朗读程序"));
+            return;
+        }
+        QProcess::startDetached(program, { sourceText.left(4000) });
+        toast(tr("开始朗读"));
+        return;
+    }
+    if (id == QLatin1String("todo")) {
+        const QString text = content.kind == DropContent::Text ? content.text.left(500)
+                                                               : content.summary();
+        TodoModel::instance()->add(text);
+        toast(tr("已添加到待办"));
+        return;
+    }
+    if (id == QLatin1String("save_image")) {
+        if (content.image.isNull()) {
+            toast(tr("没有可保存的图片"));
+            return;
+        }
+        const QString path = QFileDialog::getSaveFileName(
+            this, tr("保存图片"), QStringLiteral("image.png"), tr("图片 (*.png *.jpg)"));
+        if (!path.isEmpty()) {
+            content.image.save(path);
+            toast(tr("已保存：%1").arg(path));
+        }
+        return;
+    }
+    if (id == QLatin1String("ask")) {
+        Q_EMIT openChatRequested();
+        return;
+    }
+    if (id == QLatin1String("translate")) {
+        toast(tr("翻译接口将在小埃同学接入后可用"));
+        return;
+    }
+    if (id == QLatin1String("ocr") || id == QLatin1String("describe") ||
+        id == QLatin1String("transcribe")) {
+        toast(tr("该能力尚未接入 GXDE Daemon"));
+        return;
+    }
+
+    toast(tr("未知操作：%1").arg(id));
+}
+
 void PortalPanel::updateSelectionBar()
 {
     if (!m_selectionBar) {
diff --git a/src/ui/portalpanel.h b/src/ui/portalpanel.h
index c58799c..a523936 100644
--- a/src/ui/portalpanel.h
+++ b/src/ui/portalpanel.h
@@ -6,8 +6,12 @@
 #include <DBlurEffectWidget>
 #include <QWidget>
 
+class ContentFactory;
 class QLabel;
+class QMimeData;
 class QPushButton;
+class QTimer;
+struct DropContent;
 class PortalZone;
 class StagingModel;
 class StagingView;
@@ -42,13 +46,20 @@ private:
     void setupWindow();
     void updateGeometryForContent();
     void updateSelectionBar();
+    void noteDragContent(const QMimeData *mime);
+    void noteDragFinished();
+    void runFactoryAction(const QString &id, const DropContent &content);
+    void showTextDialog(const QString &title, const QString &text);
+    void toast(const QString &text);
 
     StagingModel *m_model = nullptr;
     StagingView *m_view = nullptr;
     PortalZone *m_zone = nullptr;
     QWidget *m_header = nullptr;
     QWidget *m_selectionBar = nullptr;
-    QWidget *m_factory = nullptr;
+    ContentFactory *m_factory = nullptr;
+    QLabel *m_toast = nullptr;
+    QTimer *m_factoryTimer = nullptr;
     QLabel *m_countLabel = nullptr;
     QPushButton *m_selectAllButton = nullptr;
     QPushButton *m_invertButton = nullptr;
diff --git a/tests/portal/build.sh b/tests/portal/build.sh
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..817efa4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/portal/build.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+# Build the wlr-virtual-pointer test driver.
+set -e
+cd "$(dirname "$0")"
+cc -O2 -Wall pointer.c virtual-pointer-protocol.c -o pointer $(pkg-config --cflags --libs wayland-client)
diff --git a/tests/portal/drag_source.py b/tests/portal/drag_source.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5aeffce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/portal/drag_source.py
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 GXDE OS Team
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-3.0-or-later
+"""GTK3 drag source used by the portal integration test."""
+
+import gi
+
+gi.require_version("Gtk", "3.0")
+
+from gi.repository import Gdk, Gtk  # noqa: E402
+
+
+class Source(Gtk.Window):
+    def __init__(self):
+        super().__init__(title="PortalDragSource")
+        self.set_default_size(420, 280)
+        self.set_position(Gtk.WindowPosition.CENTER)
+
+        label = Gtk.Label()
+        label.set_markup("<span size='x-large'>DRAG ME</span>\n\nportal test payload")
+        label.set_hexpand(True)
+        label.set_vexpand(True)
+
+        box = Gtk.EventBox()
+        box.add(label)
+        self.add(box)
+        box.add_events(
+            Gdk.EventMask.BUTTON_PRESS_MASK
+            | Gdk.EventMask.BUTTON_RELEASE_MASK
+            | Gdk.EventMask.POINTER_MOTION_MASK
+        )
+        box.connect("button-press-event", lambda *args: print("PRESS", flush=True))
+        box.connect("button-release-event", lambda *args: print("RELEASE", flush=True))
+        box.connect("motion-notify-event", lambda *args: print("MOTION", flush=True))
+
+        box.drag_source_set(Gdk.ModifierType.BUTTON1_MASK, [], Gdk.DragAction.COPY)
+        box.drag_source_add_text_targets()
+        box.connect("drag-data-get", self.on_drag_data_get)
+        box.connect("drag-begin", lambda *args: print("DRAG-BEGIN", flush=True))
+        box.connect("drag-end", lambda *args: print("DRAG-END", flush=True))
+
+        self.connect("destroy", Gtk.main_quit)
+        self.show_all()
+
+    def on_drag_data_get(self, widget, context, data, info, time):
+        data.set_text("portal-payload-42", -1)
+
+
+Source()
+Gtk.main()
diff --git a/tests/portal/drop_target.py b/tests/portal/drop_target.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1ef72ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/portal/drop_target.py
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 GXDE OS Team
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-3.0-or-later
+"""GTK3 drop target used by the portal integration test.
+
+GtkTextView accepts text drops out of the box; every insertion is printed as
+``DROP <text> at <offset>`` so the orchestrator can assert that the *native*
+drop landed in this window.
+"""
+
+import gi
+
+gi.require_version("Gtk", "3.0")
+
+from gi.repository import Gtk  # noqa: E402
+
+
+class Target(Gtk.Window):
+    def __init__(self):
+        super().__init__(title="PortalDropTarget")
+        self.set_default_size(420, 280)
+        self.set_position(Gtk.WindowPosition.CENTER)
+
+        view = Gtk.TextView()
+        view.set_wrap_mode(Gtk.WrapMode.WORD)
+        self.buffer = view.get_buffer()
+        self.buffer.connect("insert-text", self.on_insert)
+
+        scroller = Gtk.ScrolledWindow()
+        scroller.add(view)
+        self.add(scroller)
+
+        self.connect("destroy", Gtk.main_quit)
+        self.show_all()
+
+    def on_insert(self, buffer, location, text, length):
+        print("DROP", repr(text), "at", location.get_offset(), flush=True)
+
+
+Target()
+Gtk.main()
diff --git a/tests/portal/pointer.c b/tests/portal/pointer.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7f0d1e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/portal/pointer.c
@@ -0,0 +1,234 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 GXDE OS Team
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-3.0-or-later
+//
+// Minimal wlr-virtual-pointer driver used by the portal integration test.
+// Reads commands from stdin, one per line:
+//   move <x> <y>   absolute motion in output coordinates
+//   press          left button down
+//   release        left button up
+//   sleep <ms>
+//   size           print "size <w> <h>"
+//   quit
+// After each command it prints "ok <line>" so the orchestrator can sync.
+
+#define _POSIX_C_SOURCE 200809L
+
+#include <linux/input-event-codes.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <time.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#include <wayland-client.h>
+
+#include "virtual-pointer-client.h"
+
+struct state {
+    struct wl_display *display;
+    struct wl_seat *seat;
+    struct zwlr_virtual_pointer_manager_v1 *manager;
+    struct zwlr_virtual_pointer_v1 *pointer;
+    uint32_t width;
+    uint32_t height;
+};
+
+static uint32_t now_ms(void)
+{
+    struct timespec ts;
+    clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &ts);
+    return (uint32_t)(ts.tv_sec * 1000 + ts.tv_nsec / 1000000);
+}
+
+static void output_geometry(void *data, struct wl_output *output, int32_t x, int32_t y,
+                            int32_t physical_w, int32_t physical_h, int32_t subpixel,
+                            const char *make, const char *model, int32_t transform)
+{
+    (void)data;
+    (void)output;
+    (void)x;
+    (void)y;
+    (void)physical_w;
+    (void)physical_h;
+    (void)subpixel;
+    (void)make;
+    (void)model;
+    (void)transform;
+}
+
+static void output_mode(void *data, struct wl_output *output, uint32_t flags, int32_t width,
+                        int32_t height, int32_t refresh)
+{
+    (void)output;
+    (void)flags;
+    (void)refresh;
+    struct state *state = data;
+    if (width > 0 && height > 0) {
+        state->width = (uint32_t)width;
+        state->height = (uint32_t)height;
+    }
+}
+
+static void output_done(void *data, struct wl_output *output)
+{
+    (void)data;
+    (void)output;
+}
+
+static void output_scale(void *data, struct wl_output *output, int32_t factor)
+{
+    (void)data;
+    (void)output;
+    (void)factor;
+}
+
+static void output_name(void *data, struct wl_output *output, const char *name)
+{
+    (void)data;
+    (void)output;
+    (void)name;
+}
+
+static void output_description(void *data, struct wl_output *output, const char *description)
+{
+    (void)data;
+    (void)output;
+    (void)description;
+}
+
+static const struct wl_output_listener output_listener = {
+    .geometry = output_geometry,
+    .mode = output_mode,
+    .done = output_done,
+    .scale = output_scale,
+    .name = output_name,
+    .description = output_description,
+};
+
+static void seat_capabilities(void *data, struct wl_seat *seat, uint32_t caps)
+{
+    (void)data;
+    (void)seat;
+    (void)caps;
+}
+
+static void seat_name(void *data, struct wl_seat *seat, const char *name)
+{
+    (void)data;
+    (void)seat;
+    (void)name;
+}
+
+static const struct wl_seat_listener seat_listener = {
+    .capabilities = seat_capabilities,
+    .name = seat_name,
+};
+
+static void registry_global(void *data, struct wl_registry *registry, uint32_t name,
+                            const char *interface, uint32_t version)
+{
+    struct state *state = data;
+
+    if (strcmp(interface, wl_output_interface.name) == 0) {
+        struct wl_output *output =
+            wl_registry_bind(registry, name, &wl_output_interface, version < 2 ? version : 2);
+        wl_output_add_listener(output, &output_listener, state);
+    } else if (strcmp(interface, wl_seat_interface.name) == 0) {
+        state->seat = wl_registry_bind(registry, name, &wl_seat_interface, version < 5 ? version : 5);
+        wl_seat_add_listener(state->seat, &seat_listener, state);
+    } else if (strcmp(interface, zwlr_virtual_pointer_manager_v1_interface.name) == 0) {
+        state->manager = wl_registry_bind(registry, name,
+                                          &zwlr_virtual_pointer_manager_v1_interface,
+                                          version < 2 ? version : 2);
+    }
+}
+
+static void registry_global_remove(void *data, struct wl_registry *registry, uint32_t name)
+{
+    (void)data;
+    (void)registry;
+    (void)name;
+}
+
+static const struct wl_registry_listener registry_listener = {
+    .global = registry_global,
+    .global_remove = registry_global_remove,
+};
+
+static void send_motion(struct state *state, double x, double y)
+{
+    zwlr_virtual_pointer_v1_motion_absolute(state->pointer, now_ms(), wl_fixed_from_double(x),
+                                            wl_fixed_from_double(y), state->width,
+                                            state->height);
+    zwlr_virtual_pointer_v1_frame(state->pointer);
+    wl_display_roundtrip(state->display);
+}
+
+static void send_button(struct state *state, uint32_t button, uint32_t button_state)
+{
+    zwlr_virtual_pointer_v1_button(state->pointer, now_ms(), button, button_state);
+    zwlr_virtual_pointer_v1_frame(state->pointer);
+    wl_display_roundtrip(state->display);
+}
+
+int main(void)
+{
+    struct state state = { 0 };
+    state.display = wl_display_connect(NULL);
+    if (!state.display) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "cannot connect to wayland display\n");
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    struct wl_registry *registry = wl_display_get_registry(state.display);
+    wl_registry_add_listener(registry, &registry_listener, &state);
+    wl_display_roundtrip(state.display);
+    wl_display_roundtrip(state.display);
+
+    if (!state.seat || !state.manager) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "missing seat or virtual pointer manager\n");
+        return 1;
+    }
+    if (state.width == 0 || state.height == 0) {
+        state.width = 1280;
+        state.height = 720;
+    }
+
+    state.pointer = zwlr_virtual_pointer_manager_v1_create_virtual_pointer(state.manager, state.seat);
+    if (!state.pointer) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "cannot create virtual pointer\n");
+        return 1;
+    }
+    wl_display_roundtrip(state.display);
+
+    char line[256];
+    while (fgets(line, sizeof(line), stdin)) {
+        double x = 0.0;
+        double y = 0.0;
+        int ms = 0;
+
+        if (sscanf(line, "move %lf %lf", &x, &y) == 2) {
+            send_motion(&state, x, y);
+        } else if (strncmp(line, "press", 5) == 0) {
+            send_button(&state, BTN_LEFT, WL_POINTER_BUTTON_STATE_PRESSED);
+        } else if (strncmp(line, "release", 7) == 0) {
+            send_button(&state, BTN_LEFT, WL_POINTER_BUTTON_STATE_RELEASED);
+        } else if (sscanf(line, "sleep %d", &ms) == 1) {
+            struct timespec delay = { ms / 1000, (long)(ms % 1000) * 1000000L };
+            nanosleep(&delay, NULL);
+        } else if (strncmp(line, "size", 4) == 0) {
+            printf("size %u %u\n", state.width, state.height);
+        } else if (strncmp(line, "quit", 4) == 0) {
+            break;
+        }
+
+        printf("ok %s", line);
+        fflush(stdout);
+    }
+
+    zwlr_virtual_pointer_v1_destroy(state.pointer);
+    zwlr_virtual_pointer_manager_v1_destroy(state.manager);
+    wl_display_disconnect(state.display);
+    return 0;
+}
diff --git a/tests/portal/run.py b/tests/portal/run.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..80abceb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/portal/run.py
@@ -0,0 +1,242 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 GXDE OS Team
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-3.0-or-later
+"""End-to-end test for the GXDE portal (native drop into a window).
+
+Run inside a private session bus:
+
+    dbus-run-session -- python3 tests/portal/run.py [compositor]
+
+It starts a nested GXDE compositor, a GTK drag source and a GTK drop target,
+drives the pointer through wlr-virtual-pointer, asks the compositor to open the
+portal overview and asserts that the drop lands in the target window.
+"""
+
+import glob
+import json
+import os
+import subprocess
+import sys
+import time
+
+HERE = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))
+RUNTIME = f"/run/user/{os.getuid()}"
+PORTAL = ["org.gxde.Portal", "/org/gxde/Portal", "org.gxde.Portal"]
+
+
+def log(message):
+    print(f"[test] {message}", flush=True)
+
+
+def wait_for(predicate, timeout=20.0, interval=0.1):
+    deadline = time.time() + timeout
+    while time.time() < deadline:
+        value = predicate()
+        if value:
+            return value
+        time.sleep(interval)
+    return None
+
+
+def portal_call(method, *args):
+    address = os.environ.get("DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS", "")
+    cmd = ["busctl", f"--address={address}", "--json=short", "call", *PORTAL, method, *args]
+    out = subprocess.check_output(cmd, text=True)
+    return json.loads(out)
+
+
+def list_windows():
+    data = portal_call("ListWindows")["data"]
+    rows = data[0] if data else []
+    return [
+        {
+            "uuid": row[0],
+            "title": row[1],
+            "app": row[2],
+            "x": row[3],
+            "y": row[4],
+            "w": row[5],
+            "h": row[6],
+        }
+        for row in rows
+    ]
+
+
+def layout():
+    data = portal_call("GetLayout")["data"]
+    rows = data[0] if data else []
+    return [
+        {
+            "uuid": row[0],
+            "title": row[1],
+            "x": row[3],
+            "y": row[4],
+            "w": row[5],
+            "h": row[6],
+        }
+        for row in rows
+    ]
+
+
+def find_by_title(windows, title):
+    for window in windows:
+        if window["title"] == title:
+            return window
+    return None
+
+
+def main():
+    compositor = (
+        sys.argv[1]
+        if len(sys.argv) > 1
+        else os.path.expanduser("~/playground/flake-wm/build-portal/flakewm")
+    )
+    parent_display = os.environ.get("WAYLAND_DISPLAY", "wayland-0")
+
+    before = set(glob.glob(f"{RUNTIME}/wayland-*"))
+    env = os.environ.copy()
+    env["WAYLAND_DISPLAY"] = parent_display
+
+    compositor_log = open("/tmp/pt-comp.log", "wb")
+    compositor_proc = subprocess.Popen(
+        [compositor], env=env, stdout=compositor_log, stderr=subprocess.STDOUT
+    )
+
+    procs = [compositor_proc]
+    pointer = None
+    try:
+        def nested_display():
+            for path in set(glob.glob(f"{RUNTIME}/wayland-*")) - before:
+                if not path.endswith(".lock"):
+                    return os.path.basename(path)
+            return None
+
+        display = wait_for(nested_display, 25.0)
+        assert display, "nested compositor did not create a Wayland socket"
+        log(f"nested display: {display}")
+        env["WAYLAND_DISPLAY"] = display
+
+        target_log = open("/tmp/pt-target.log", "wb")
+        source_log = open("/tmp/pt-source.log", "wb")
+        target = subprocess.Popen(
+            [sys.executable, f"{HERE}/drop_target.py"],
+            env=env, stdout=target_log, stderr=subprocess.STDOUT,
+        )
+        source = subprocess.Popen(
+            [sys.executable, f"{HERE}/drag_source.py"],
+            env=env, stdout=source_log, stderr=subprocess.STDOUT,
+        )
+        procs += [target, source]
+
+        def portal_ready():
+            try:
+                portal_call("ListWindows")
+                return True
+            except subprocess.CalledProcessError:
+                return False
+
+        assert wait_for(portal_ready, 20.0, 0.3), "org.gxde.Portal never appeared"
+        log("portal D-Bus ready")
+
+        windows = wait_for(
+            lambda: list_windows()
+            if find_by_title(list_windows(), "PortalDragSource")
+            and find_by_title(list_windows(), "PortalDropTarget")
+            else None,
+            20.0,
+            0.2,
+        )
+        assert windows, "windows did not appear"
+        log(f"windows: {json.dumps(windows)}")
+
+        src = find_by_title(windows, "PortalDragSource")
+        dst = find_by_title(windows, "PortalDropTarget")
+
+        pointer = subprocess.Popen(
+            [f"{HERE}/pointer"], env=env, stdin=subprocess.PIPE,
+            stdout=subprocess.PIPE, text=True, bufsize=1,
+        )
+        procs.append(pointer)
+
+        def pcmd(line):
+            pointer.stdin.write(line + "\n")
+            pointer.stdin.flush()
+            response = pointer.stdout.readline().strip()
+            if not (response.startswith("ok") or response.startswith("size")):
+                raise RuntimeError(f"pointer failed: {response!r}")
+            return response
+
+        log(f"pointer {pcmd('size')}")
+
+        sx = src["x"] + src["w"] / 2
+        sy = src["y"] + src["h"] / 2
+        pcmd(f"move {sx:.0f} {sy:.0f}")
+        time.sleep(0.2)
+        pcmd("press")
+        time.sleep(0.2)
+        pcmd(f"move {sx + 60:.0f} {sy:.0f}")
+        time.sleep(0.8)
+
+        if "DRAG-BEGIN" not in open("/tmp/pt-source.log").read():
+            raise RuntimeError("GTK drag did not start; see /tmp/pt-source.log")
+        log("drag started")
+
+        started = portal_call("BeginPortal")["data"][0]
+        assert started, "BeginPortal returned false"
+        log("portal opened")
+
+        time.sleep(0.7)  # let the overview animation settle
+        tiles = wait_for(lambda: layout() or None, 5.0, 0.2)
+        assert tiles, "portal layout is empty"
+        log(f"layout: {json.dumps(tiles)}")
+
+        tile = find_by_title(tiles, "PortalDropTarget") or find_by_title(tiles, "PortalDragSource")
+        assert tile, "target window not in the portal layout"
+
+        # If we only see the source tile, the drop still validates retargeting.
+        tx = tile["x"] + tile["w"] / 2
+        ty = tile["y"] + tile["h"] / 2
+        pcmd(f"move {tx:.0f} {ty:.0f}")
+        time.sleep(0.6)
+
+        subprocess.run(["grim", "/tmp/pt-before-drop.png"], env=env, check=False)
+        pcmd("release")
+        time.sleep(1.0)
+        subprocess.run(["grim", "/tmp/pt-after-drop.png"], env=env, check=False)
+
+        target_text = open("/tmp/pt-target.log").read()
+        log(f"target log: {target_text.strip()!r}")
+        assert "DROP" in target_text, "the drop did not reach the target window"
+        assert "portal-payload-42" in target_text, "wrong payload"
+
+        log("PASS: native drop landed in the target window")
+        return 0
+    except Exception as exc:  # noqa: BLE001
+        log(f"FAIL: {exc}")
+        for path in ("/tmp/pt-comp.log", "/tmp/pt-source.log", "/tmp/pt-target.log"):
+            try:
+                content = open(path).read().strip()
+            except OSError:
+                continue
+            if content:
+                log(f"--- {path} ---\n{content[-2000:]}")
+        return 1
+    finally:
+        if pointer is not None:
+            try:
+                pointer.stdin.write("quit\n")
+                pointer.stdin.flush()
+            except Exception:  # noqa: BLE001
+                pass
+        for proc in reversed(procs):
+            if proc.poll() is None:
+                proc.terminate()
+        for proc in reversed(procs):
+            try:
+                proc.wait(timeout=5)
+            except Exception:  # noqa: BLE001
+                proc.kill()
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    sys.exit(main())
diff --git a/tests/portal/virtual-pointer-client.h b/tests/portal/virtual-pointer-client.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e8eebcf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/portal/virtual-pointer-client.h
@@ -0,0 +1,370 @@
+/* Generated by wayland-scanner 1.23.1 */
+
+#ifndef WLR_VIRTUAL_POINTER_UNSTABLE_V1_CLIENT_PROTOCOL_H
+#define WLR_VIRTUAL_POINTER_UNSTABLE_V1_CLIENT_PROTOCOL_H
+
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <stddef.h>
+#include "wayland-client.h"
+
+#ifdef  __cplusplus
+extern "C" {
+#endif
+
+/**
+ * @page page_wlr_virtual_pointer_unstable_v1 The wlr_virtual_pointer_unstable_v1 protocol
+ * @section page_ifaces_wlr_virtual_pointer_unstable_v1 Interfaces
+ * - @subpage page_iface_zwlr_virtual_pointer_v1 - virtual pointer
+ * - @subpage page_iface_zwlr_virtual_pointer_manager_v1 - virtual pointer manager
+ * @section page_copyright_wlr_virtual_pointer_unstable_v1 Copyright
+ * <pre>
+ *
+ * Copyright © 2019 Josef Gajdusek
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
+ * copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"),
+ * to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation
+ * the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense,
+ * and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the
+ * Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice (including the next
+ * paragraph) shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the
+ * Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT.  IN NO EVENT SHALL
+ * THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING
+ * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER
+ * DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ * </pre>
+ */
+struct wl_output;
+struct wl_seat;
+struct zwlr_virtual_pointer_manager_v1;
+struct zwlr_virtual_pointer_v1;
+
+#ifndef ZWLR_VIRTUAL_POINTER_V1_INTERFACE
+#define ZWLR_VIRTUAL_POINTER_V1_INTERFACE
+/**
+ * @page page_iface_zwlr_virtual_pointer_v1 zwlr_virtual_pointer_v1
+ * @section page_iface_zwlr_virtual_pointer_v1_desc Description
+ *
+ * This protocol allows clients to emulate a physical pointer device. The
+ * requests are mostly mirror opposites of those specified in wl_pointer.
+ * @section page_iface_zwlr_virtual_pointer_v1_api API
+ * See @ref iface_zwlr_virtual_pointer_v1.
+ */
+/**
+ * @defgroup iface_zwlr_virtual_pointer_v1 The zwlr_virtual_pointer_v1 interface
+ *
+ * This protocol allows clients to emulate a physical pointer device. The
+ * requests are mostly mirror opposites of those specified in wl_pointer.
+ */
+extern const struct wl_interface zwlr_virtual_pointer_v1_interface;
+#endif
+#ifndef ZWLR_VIRTUAL_POINTER_MANAGER_V1_INTERFACE
+#define ZWLR_VIRTUAL_POINTER_MANAGER_V1_INTERFACE
+/**
+ * @page page_iface_zwlr_virtual_pointer_manager_v1 zwlr_virtual_pointer_manager_v1
+ * @section page_iface_zwlr_virtual_pointer_manager_v1_desc Description
+ *
+ * This object allows clients to create individual virtual pointer objects.
+ * @section page_iface_zwlr_virtual_pointer_manager_v1_api API
+ * See @ref iface_zwlr_virtual_pointer_manager_v1.
+ */
+/**
+ * @defgroup iface_zwlr_virtual_pointer_manager_v1 The zwlr_virtual_pointer_manager_v1 interface
+ *
+ * This object allows clients to create individual virtual pointer objects.
+ */
+extern const struct wl_interface zwlr_virtual_pointer_manager_v1_interface;
+#endif
+
+#ifndef ZWLR_VIRTUAL_POINTER_V1_ERROR_ENUM
+#define ZWLR_VIRTUAL_POINTER_V1_ERROR_ENUM
+enum zwlr_virtual_pointer_v1_error {
+	/**
+	 * client sent invalid axis enumeration value
+	 */
+	ZWLR_VIRTUAL_POINTER_V1_ERROR_INVALID_AXIS = 0,
+	/**
+	 * client sent invalid axis source enumeration value
+	 */
+	ZWLR_VIRTUAL_POINTER_V1_ERROR_INVALID_AXIS_SOURCE = 1,
+};
+#endif /* ZWLR_VIRTUAL_POINTER_V1_ERROR_ENUM */
+
+#define ZWLR_VIRTUAL_POINTER_V1_MOTION 0
+#define ZWLR_VIRTUAL_POINTER_V1_MOTION_ABSOLUTE 1
+#define ZWLR_VIRTUAL_POINTER_V1_BUTTON 2
+#define ZWLR_VIRTUAL_POINTER_V1_AXIS 3
+#define ZWLR_VIRTUAL_POINTER_V1_FRAME 4
+#define ZWLR_VIRTUAL_POINTER_V1_AXIS_SOURCE 5
+#define ZWLR_VIRTUAL_POINTER_V1_AXIS_STOP 6
+#define ZWLR_VIRTUAL_POINTER_V1_AXIS_DISCRETE 7
+#define ZWLR_VIRTUAL_POINTER_V1_DESTROY 8
+
+
+/**
+ * @ingroup iface_zwlr_virtual_pointer_v1
+ */
+#define ZWLR_VIRTUAL_POINTER_V1_MOTION_SINCE_VERSION 1
+/**
+ * @ingroup iface_zwlr_virtual_pointer_v1
+ */
+#define ZWLR_VIRTUAL_POINTER_V1_MOTION_ABSOLUTE_SINCE_VERSION 1
+/**
+ * @ingroup iface_zwlr_virtual_pointer_v1
+ */
+#define ZWLR_VIRTUAL_POINTER_V1_BUTTON_SINCE_VERSION 1
+/**
+ * @ingroup iface_zwlr_virtual_pointer_v1
+ */
+#define ZWLR_VIRTUAL_POINTER_V1_AXIS_SINCE_VERSION 1
+/**
+ * @ingroup iface_zwlr_virtual_pointer_v1
+ */
+#define ZWLR_VIRTUAL_POINTER_V1_FRAME_SINCE_VERSION 1
+/**
+ * @ingroup iface_zwlr_virtual_pointer_v1
+ */
+#define ZWLR_VIRTUAL_POINTER_V1_AXIS_SOURCE_SINCE_VERSION 1
+/**
+ * @ingroup iface_zwlr_virtual_pointer_v1
+ */
+#define ZWLR_VIRTUAL_POINTER_V1_AXIS_STOP_SINCE_VERSION 1
+/**
+ * @ingroup iface_zwlr_virtual_pointer_v1
+ */
+#define ZWLR_VIRTUAL_POINTER_V1_AXIS_DISCRETE_SINCE_VERSION 1
+/**
+ * @ingroup iface_zwlr_virtual_pointer_v1
+ */
+#define ZWLR_VIRTUAL_POINTER_V1_DESTROY_SINCE_VERSION 1
+
+/** @ingroup iface_zwlr_virtual_pointer_v1 */
+static inline void
+zwlr_virtual_pointer_v1_set_user_data(struct zwlr_virtual_pointer_v1 *zwlr_virtual_pointer_v1, void *user_data)
+{
+	wl_proxy_set_user_data((struct wl_proxy *) zwlr_virtual_pointer_v1, user_data);
+}
+
+/** @ingroup iface_zwlr_virtual_pointer_v1 */
+static inline void *
+zwlr_virtual_pointer_v1_get_user_data(struct zwlr_virtual_pointer_v1 *zwlr_virtual_pointer_v1)
+{
+	return wl_proxy_get_user_data((struct wl_proxy *) zwlr_virtual_pointer_v1);
+}
+
+static inline uint32_t
+zwlr_virtual_pointer_v1_get_version(struct zwlr_virtual_pointer_v1 *zwlr_virtual_pointer_v1)
+{
+	return wl_proxy_get_version((struct wl_proxy *) zwlr_virtual_pointer_v1);
+}
+
+/**
+ * @ingroup iface_zwlr_virtual_pointer_v1
+ *
+ * The pointer has moved by a relative amount to the previous request.
+ *
+ * Values are in the global compositor space.
+ */
+static inline void
+zwlr_virtual_pointer_v1_motion(struct zwlr_virtual_pointer_v1 *zwlr_virtual_pointer_v1, uint32_t time, wl_fixed_t dx, wl_fixed_t dy)
+{
+	wl_proxy_marshal_flags((struct wl_proxy *) zwlr_virtual_pointer_v1,
+			 ZWLR_VIRTUAL_POINTER_V1_MOTION, NULL, wl_proxy_get_version((struct wl_proxy *) zwlr_virtual_pointer_v1), 0, time, dx, dy);
+}
+
+/**
+ * @ingroup iface_zwlr_virtual_pointer_v1
+ *
+ * The pointer has moved in an absolute coordinate frame.
+ *
+ * Value of x can range from 0 to x_extent, value of y can range from 0
+ * to y_extent.
+ */
+static inline void
+zwlr_virtual_pointer_v1_motion_absolute(struct zwlr_virtual_pointer_v1 *zwlr_virtual_pointer_v1, uint32_t time, uint32_t x, uint32_t y, uint32_t x_extent, uint32_t y_extent)
+{
+	wl_proxy_marshal_flags((struct wl_proxy *) zwlr_virtual_pointer_v1,
+			 ZWLR_VIRTUAL_POINTER_V1_MOTION_ABSOLUTE, NULL, wl_proxy_get_version((struct wl_proxy *) zwlr_virtual_pointer_v1), 0, time, x, y, x_extent, y_extent);
+}
+
+/**
+ * @ingroup iface_zwlr_virtual_pointer_v1
+ *
+ * A button was pressed or released.
+ */
+static inline void
+zwlr_virtual_pointer_v1_button(struct zwlr_virtual_pointer_v1 *zwlr_virtual_pointer_v1, uint32_t time, uint32_t button, uint32_t state)
+{
+	wl_proxy_marshal_flags((struct wl_proxy *) zwlr_virtual_pointer_v1,
+			 ZWLR_VIRTUAL_POINTER_V1_BUTTON, NULL, wl_proxy_get_version((struct wl_proxy *) zwlr_virtual_pointer_v1), 0, time, button, state);
+}
+
+/**
+ * @ingroup iface_zwlr_virtual_pointer_v1
+ *
+ * Scroll and other axis requests.
+ */
+static inline void
+zwlr_virtual_pointer_v1_axis(struct zwlr_virtual_pointer_v1 *zwlr_virtual_pointer_v1, uint32_t time, uint32_t axis, wl_fixed_t value)
+{
+	wl_proxy_marshal_flags((struct wl_proxy *) zwlr_virtual_pointer_v1,
+			 ZWLR_VIRTUAL_POINTER_V1_AXIS, NULL, wl_proxy_get_version((struct wl_proxy *) zwlr_virtual_pointer_v1), 0, time, axis, value);
+}
+
+/**
+ * @ingroup iface_zwlr_virtual_pointer_v1
+ *
+ * Indicates the set of events that logically belong together.
+ */
+static inline void
+zwlr_virtual_pointer_v1_frame(struct zwlr_virtual_pointer_v1 *zwlr_virtual_pointer_v1)
+{
+	wl_proxy_marshal_flags((struct wl_proxy *) zwlr_virtual_pointer_v1,
+			 ZWLR_VIRTUAL_POINTER_V1_FRAME, NULL, wl_proxy_get_version((struct wl_proxy *) zwlr_virtual_pointer_v1), 0);
+}
+
+/**
+ * @ingroup iface_zwlr_virtual_pointer_v1
+ *
+ * Source information for scroll and other axis.
+ */
+static inline void
+zwlr_virtual_pointer_v1_axis_source(struct zwlr_virtual_pointer_v1 *zwlr_virtual_pointer_v1, uint32_t axis_source)
+{
+	wl_proxy_marshal_flags((struct wl_proxy *) zwlr_virtual_pointer_v1,
+			 ZWLR_VIRTUAL_POINTER_V1_AXIS_SOURCE, NULL, wl_proxy_get_version((struct wl_proxy *) zwlr_virtual_pointer_v1), 0, axis_source);
+}
+
+/**
+ * @ingroup iface_zwlr_virtual_pointer_v1
+ *
+ * Stop notification for scroll and other axes.
+ */
+static inline void
+zwlr_virtual_pointer_v1_axis_stop(struct zwlr_virtual_pointer_v1 *zwlr_virtual_pointer_v1, uint32_t time, uint32_t axis)
+{
+	wl_proxy_marshal_flags((struct wl_proxy *) zwlr_virtual_pointer_v1,
+			 ZWLR_VIRTUAL_POINTER_V1_AXIS_STOP, NULL, wl_proxy_get_version((struct wl_proxy *) zwlr_virtual_pointer_v1), 0, time, axis);
+}
+
+/**
+ * @ingroup iface_zwlr_virtual_pointer_v1
+ *
+ * Discrete step information for scroll and other axes.
+ *
+ * This event allows the client to extend data normally sent using the axis
+ * event with discrete value.
+ */
+static inline void
+zwlr_virtual_pointer_v1_axis_discrete(struct zwlr_virtual_pointer_v1 *zwlr_virtual_pointer_v1, uint32_t time, uint32_t axis, wl_fixed_t value, int32_t discrete)
+{
+	wl_proxy_marshal_flags((struct wl_proxy *) zwlr_virtual_pointer_v1,
+			 ZWLR_VIRTUAL_POINTER_V1_AXIS_DISCRETE, NULL, wl_proxy_get_version((struct wl_proxy *) zwlr_virtual_pointer_v1), 0, time, axis, value, discrete);
+}
+
+/**
+ * @ingroup iface_zwlr_virtual_pointer_v1
+ */
+static inline void
+zwlr_virtual_pointer_v1_destroy(struct zwlr_virtual_pointer_v1 *zwlr_virtual_pointer_v1)
+{
+	wl_proxy_marshal_flags((struct wl_proxy *) zwlr_virtual_pointer_v1,
+			 ZWLR_VIRTUAL_POINTER_V1_DESTROY, NULL, wl_proxy_get_version((struct wl_proxy *) zwlr_virtual_pointer_v1), WL_MARSHAL_FLAG_DESTROY);
+}
+
+#define ZWLR_VIRTUAL_POINTER_MANAGER_V1_CREATE_VIRTUAL_POINTER 0
+#define ZWLR_VIRTUAL_POINTER_MANAGER_V1_DESTROY 1
+#define ZWLR_VIRTUAL_POINTER_MANAGER_V1_CREATE_VIRTUAL_POINTER_WITH_OUTPUT 2
+
+
+/**
+ * @ingroup iface_zwlr_virtual_pointer_manager_v1
+ */
+#define ZWLR_VIRTUAL_POINTER_MANAGER_V1_CREATE_VIRTUAL_POINTER_SINCE_VERSION 1
+/**
+ * @ingroup iface_zwlr_virtual_pointer_manager_v1
+ */
+#define ZWLR_VIRTUAL_POINTER_MANAGER_V1_DESTROY_SINCE_VERSION 1
+/**
+ * @ingroup iface_zwlr_virtual_pointer_manager_v1
+ */
+#define ZWLR_VIRTUAL_POINTER_MANAGER_V1_CREATE_VIRTUAL_POINTER_WITH_OUTPUT_SINCE_VERSION 2
+
+/** @ingroup iface_zwlr_virtual_pointer_manager_v1 */
+static inline void
+zwlr_virtual_pointer_manager_v1_set_user_data(struct zwlr_virtual_pointer_manager_v1 *zwlr_virtual_pointer_manager_v1, void *user_data)
+{
+	wl_proxy_set_user_data((struct wl_proxy *) zwlr_virtual_pointer_manager_v1, user_data);
+}
+
+/** @ingroup iface_zwlr_virtual_pointer_manager_v1 */
+static inline void *
+zwlr_virtual_pointer_manager_v1_get_user_data(struct zwlr_virtual_pointer_manager_v1 *zwlr_virtual_pointer_manager_v1)
+{
+	return wl_proxy_get_user_data((struct wl_proxy *) zwlr_virtual_pointer_manager_v1);
+}
+
+static inline uint32_t
+zwlr_virtual_pointer_manager_v1_get_version(struct zwlr_virtual_pointer_manager_v1 *zwlr_virtual_pointer_manager_v1)
+{
+	return wl_proxy_get_version((struct wl_proxy *) zwlr_virtual_pointer_manager_v1);
+}
+
+/**
+ * @ingroup iface_zwlr_virtual_pointer_manager_v1
+ *
+ * Creates a new virtual pointer. The optional seat is a suggestion to the
+ * compositor.
+ */
+static inline struct zwlr_virtual_pointer_v1 *
+zwlr_virtual_pointer_manager_v1_create_virtual_pointer(struct zwlr_virtual_pointer_manager_v1 *zwlr_virtual_pointer_manager_v1, struct wl_seat *seat)
+{
+	struct wl_proxy *id;
+
+	id = wl_proxy_marshal_flags((struct wl_proxy *) zwlr_virtual_pointer_manager_v1,
+			 ZWLR_VIRTUAL_POINTER_MANAGER_V1_CREATE_VIRTUAL_POINTER, &zwlr_virtual_pointer_v1_interface, wl_proxy_get_version((struct wl_proxy *) zwlr_virtual_pointer_manager_v1), 0, seat, NULL);
+
+	return (struct zwlr_virtual_pointer_v1 *) id;
+}
+
+/**
+ * @ingroup iface_zwlr_virtual_pointer_manager_v1
+ */
+static inline void
+zwlr_virtual_pointer_manager_v1_destroy(struct zwlr_virtual_pointer_manager_v1 *zwlr_virtual_pointer_manager_v1)
+{
+	wl_proxy_marshal_flags((struct wl_proxy *) zwlr_virtual_pointer_manager_v1,
+			 ZWLR_VIRTUAL_POINTER_MANAGER_V1_DESTROY, NULL, wl_proxy_get_version((struct wl_proxy *) zwlr_virtual_pointer_manager_v1), WL_MARSHAL_FLAG_DESTROY);
+}
+
+/**
+ * @ingroup iface_zwlr_virtual_pointer_manager_v1
+ *
+ * Creates a new virtual pointer. The seat and the output arguments are
+ * optional. If the seat argument is set, the compositor should assign the
+ * input device to the requested seat. If the output argument is set, the
+ * compositor should map the input device to the requested output.
+ */
+static inline struct zwlr_virtual_pointer_v1 *
+zwlr_virtual_pointer_manager_v1_create_virtual_pointer_with_output(struct zwlr_virtual_pointer_manager_v1 *zwlr_virtual_pointer_manager_v1, struct wl_seat *seat, struct wl_output *output)
+{
+	struct wl_proxy *id;
+
+	id = wl_proxy_marshal_flags((struct wl_proxy *) zwlr_virtual_pointer_manager_v1,
+			 ZWLR_VIRTUAL_POINTER_MANAGER_V1_CREATE_VIRTUAL_POINTER_WITH_OUTPUT, &zwlr_virtual_pointer_v1_interface, wl_proxy_get_version((struct wl_proxy *) zwlr_virtual_pointer_manager_v1), 0, seat, output, NULL);
+
+	return (struct zwlr_virtual_pointer_v1 *) id;
+}
+
+#ifdef  __cplusplus
+}
+#endif
+
+#endif
diff --git a/tests/portal/virtual-pointer-protocol.c b/tests/portal/virtual-pointer-protocol.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..30ef7f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/portal/virtual-pointer-protocol.c
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+/* Generated by wayland-scanner 1.23.1 */
+
+/*
+ * Copyright © 2019 Josef Gajdusek
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
+ * copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"),
+ * to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation
+ * the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense,
+ * and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the
+ * Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice (including the next
+ * paragraph) shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the
+ * Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT.  IN NO EVENT SHALL
+ * THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING
+ * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER
+ * DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include "wayland-util.h"
+
+#ifndef __has_attribute
+# define __has_attribute(x) 0  /* Compatibility with non-clang compilers. */
+#endif
+
+#if (__has_attribute(visibility) || defined(__GNUC__) && __GNUC__ >= 4)
+#define WL_PRIVATE __attribute__ ((visibility("hidden")))
+#else
+#define WL_PRIVATE
+#endif
+
+extern const struct wl_interface wl_output_interface;
+extern const struct wl_interface wl_seat_interface;
+extern const struct wl_interface zwlr_virtual_pointer_v1_interface;
+
+static const struct wl_interface *wlr_virtual_pointer_unstable_v1_types[] = {
+	NULL,
+	NULL,
+	NULL,
+	NULL,
+	NULL,
+	&wl_seat_interface,
+	&zwlr_virtual_pointer_v1_interface,
+	&wl_seat_interface,
+	&wl_output_interface,
+	&zwlr_virtual_pointer_v1_interface,
+};
+
+static const struct wl_message zwlr_virtual_pointer_v1_requests[] = {
+	{ "motion", "uff", wlr_virtual_pointer_unstable_v1_types + 0 },
+	{ "motion_absolute", "uuuuu", wlr_virtual_pointer_unstable_v1_types + 0 },
+	{ "button", "uuu", wlr_virtual_pointer_unstable_v1_types + 0 },
+	{ "axis", "uuf", wlr_virtual_pointer_unstable_v1_types + 0 },
+	{ "frame", "", wlr_virtual_pointer_unstable_v1_types + 0 },
+	{ "axis_source", "u", wlr_virtual_pointer_unstable_v1_types + 0 },
+	{ "axis_stop", "uu", wlr_virtual_pointer_unstable_v1_types + 0 },
+	{ "axis_discrete", "uufi", wlr_virtual_pointer_unstable_v1_types + 0 },
+	{ "destroy", "", wlr_virtual_pointer_unstable_v1_types + 0 },
+};
+
+WL_PRIVATE const struct wl_interface zwlr_virtual_pointer_v1_interface = {
+	"zwlr_virtual_pointer_v1", 2,
+	9, zwlr_virtual_pointer_v1_requests,
+	0, NULL,
+};
+
+static const struct wl_message zwlr_virtual_pointer_manager_v1_requests[] = {
+	{ "create_virtual_pointer", "?on", wlr_virtual_pointer_unstable_v1_types + 5 },
+	{ "destroy", "", wlr_virtual_pointer_unstable_v1_types + 0 },
+	{ "create_virtual_pointer_with_output", "2?o?on", wlr_virtual_pointer_unstable_v1_types + 7 },
+};
+
+WL_PRIVATE const struct wl_interface zwlr_virtual_pointer_manager_v1_interface = {
+	"zwlr_virtual_pointer_manager_v1", 2,
+	3, zwlr_virtual_pointer_manager_v1_requests,
+	0, NULL,
+};
+
diff --git a/tests/selftest.cpp b/tests/selftest.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9243260
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/selftest.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 GXDE OS Team
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-3.0-or-later
+//
+// Headless checks for the pure (non widget) parts of the content factory.
+
+#include <QCoreApplication>
+#include <QDebug>
+#include <QTextStream>
+
+#include "actions/texttools.h"
+#include "factory/contentclassifier.h"
+#include "factory/factoryactions.h"
+#include "factory/linktools.h"
+
+static int failures = 0;
+
+static void check(bool condition, const QString &what)
+{
+    QTextStream out(stdout);
+    if (condition) {
+        out << "PASS  " << what << "\n";
+    } else {
+        out << "FAIL  " << what << "\n";
+        ++failures;
+    }
+}
+
+static bool hasAction(const QVector<FactoryAction> &actions, const QString &id)
+{
+    for (const FactoryAction &action : actions) {
+        if (action.id == id) {
+            return true;
+        }
+    }
+    return false;
+}
+
+int main(int argc, char *argv[])
+{
+    QCoreApplication app(argc, argv);
+
+    // http link with a video extension
+    const LinkInfo video = LinkTools::parse(QStringLiteral("https://example.com/media/clip.mp4"));
+    check(video.kind == LinkInfo::Http, "https link recognised");
+    check(video.extension == QStringLiteral("mp4"), "mp4 extension parsed");
+    check(video.fileType == QStringLiteral("video"), "mp4 classified as video");
+    check(hasAction(actionsFor(ContentClassifier::classifyText(QStringLiteral(
+                      "https://example.com/media/clip.mp4"))),
+                    QStringLiteral("download")),
+          "video link offers download");
+    check(hasAction(actionsFor(ContentClassifier::classifyText(QStringLiteral(
+                      "https://example.com/media/clip.mp4"))),
+                    QStringLiteral("play")),
+          "video link offers play");
+
+    const LinkInfo image = LinkTools::parse(QStringLiteral("https://example.com/a.png?x=1"));
+    check(image.fileType == QStringLiteral("image"), "png classified as image");
+
+    const LinkInfo page = LinkTools::parse(QStringLiteral("https://example.com/article"));
+    check(page.fileType == QStringLiteral("page"), "extensionless url is a page");
+
+    // thunder:// -> base64("AA" + url + "ZZ")
+    const QByteArray thunderPayload =
+        QByteArray("AA") + "http://example.com/file.zip" + QByteArray("ZZ");
+    const QString thunder =
+        QStringLiteral("thunder://") + QString::fromLatin1(thunderPayload.toBase64());
+    const LinkInfo thunderInfo = LinkTools::parse(thunder);
+    check(thunderInfo.kind == LinkInfo::Custom, "thunder link classified as custom");
+    check(thunderInfo.decodedUrl == QStringLiteral("http://example.com/file.zip"),
+          "thunder payload decoded");
+    check(hasAction(actionsFor(ContentClassifier::classifyText(thunder)),
+                    QStringLiteral("decode")),
+          "thunder offers decode action");
+
+    // magnet
+    const LinkInfo magnet =
+        LinkTools::parse(QStringLiteral("magnet:?xt=urn:btih:abc&dn=Some%20File"));
+    check(magnet.kind == LinkInfo::Custom, "magnet classified as custom");
+    check(magnet.displayName == QStringLiteral("Some File"), "magnet display name parsed");
+
+    // spk://
+    const LinkInfo spk = LinkTools::parse(QStringLiteral("spk://store/app/com.example"));
+    check(spk.kind == LinkInfo::Custom, "spk link classified as custom");
+
+    // plain text is not a link
+    const LinkInfo text = LinkTools::parse(QStringLiteral("hello world"));
+    check(!text.isValid(), "plain text is not a link");
+
+    // segmentation
+    const QStringList words = TextTools::segment(QStringLiteral("我爱北京天安门"));
+    check(words.size() >= 3, "segmentation produced words");
+    check(words.contains(QStringLiteral("北京")), "segmentation keeps 北京 together");
+
+    // link extraction
+    const QStringList links = TextTools::extractLinks(
+        QStringLiteral("看 https://a.example/x?y=1 和 test@example.com，还有 www.b.example"));
+    check(links.size() == 3, QStringLiteral("extractLinks found 3 links, got %1").arg(links.size()));
+
+    // classifier
+    const DropContent textContent = ContentClassifier::classifyText(QStringLiteral("just words"));
+    check(textContent.kind == DropContent::Text, "text classified as text");
+    const DropContent linkContent =
+        ContentClassifier::classifyText(QStringLiteral("https://example.com/a.zip"));
+    check(linkContent.kind == DropContent::Link, "link classified as link");
+    check(hasAction(actionsFor(linkContent), QStringLiteral("save_as")), "link offers save as");
+
+    QTextStream(stdout) << (failures == 0 ? "ALL PASS\n" : "FAILURES\n");
+    return failures == 0 ? 0 : 1;
+}